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{{Short description|President of the United States from 2009 to 2017}}
{{redirect2|Barack|Obama|other uses|Barack (disambiguation)|and|Obama (disambiguation)|and|Barack Obama (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
| image              = President Barack Obama.jpg
| alt                = Obama during a political speech in Milwaukee.
| order              = 44th
| office              = President of the United States
| caption            = Official portrait, 2012
| vicepresident      = [[Joe Biden]]
| term_start          = January 20, 2009
| term_end            = January 20, 2017
| predecessor        = [[George W. Bush]]
| successor          = [[Donald Trump]]
| jr/sr1              = United States Senator
| state1              = [[Illinois]]
| term_start1        = January 3, 2005
| term_end1          = November 16, 2008
| predecessor1        = [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]]
| successor1          = [[Roland Burris]]
| state_senate2      = Illinois
| district2          = [[Illinois's 13th Senate district|13th]]
| predecessor2        = [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]]
| term_start2        = January 8, 1997
| term_end2          = November 4, 2004
| successor2          = [[Kwame Raoul]]
| birth_name          = Barack Hussein Obama II
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1961|8|4|mf=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| death_date          =
| death_place        =
| party              = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]]|October 3, 1992}}
| children            = {{flatlist|
* [[Malia Obama|Malia]]
* [[Sasha Obama|Sasha]]
}}
| parents            = {{plainlist|
* [[Barack Obama Sr.]]
* [[Ann Dunham]]
}}
| relatives          = [[Family of Barack Obama]]
| residence          = [[Kalorama (Washington, D.C.)]]
| education          = [[Punahou School]]
| alma_mater          = {{unbulleted list|[[Occidental College]] |[[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Harvard Law School|Harvard University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])}}
| occupation          = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer|author}}
| awards              = [[List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama|List of honors and awards]]
| signature          = Barack Obama signature.svg
| signature_alt      = Cursive signature in ink
| website            = {{unbulleted list|{{URL|https://barackobama.com|Official website}}|{{URL|https://www.obama.org|Obama Foundation}}|{{URL|obamawhitehouse.archives.gov|White House Archives}}}}
}}
{{Barack Obama sidebar}}


'''Barack Hussein Obama II''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|_|h|uː|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|_|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɑː|m|ə}} {{respell|bə|RAHK}} {{respell|hoo|SAYN}} {{respell|oh|BAH|mə}};<ref>{{YouTube|clMEg4-N7ao|"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"}}. January 20, 2009.</ref> born August 4, 1961) is an American politician <!--NOTE: The lead sentence should stick to what he is primarily known for. The infobox is there to include additional occupations.-->who served as the 44th [[president of the United States]] from 2009 to 2017. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he was the first African-American <!-- DO NOT LINK PER MOS:OVERLINK --> president of the United States.<ref name="FirstBlackPrez"/> Obama previously served as a [[U.S. senator]] from [[Illinois]] from 2005 to 2008 and as an [[Illinois Senate|Illinois state senator]] from 1997 to 2004. <!--PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE FROM "AFRICAN AMERICAN", per consensus. See discussions and FAQ (Q2) on the talk page.-->
Obama was born in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]]. After graduating from [[Columbia University]] in 1983, he worked as a [[Community organizing|community organizer]] in [[Chicago]]. In 1988, he enrolled in [[Harvard Law School]], where he was the first black president of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] from 1992 to 2004. Turning to elective politics, he [[Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama|represented the 13th district]] in the [[Illinois Senate]] from 1997 until 2004, when he [[2004 United States Senate election in Illinois|ran for the U.S. Senate]]. Obama received national attention in 2004 with his March Senate primary win, his well-received July [[2004 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] [[2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address|keynote address]], and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, after [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|a close primary campaign]] against [[Hillary Clinton]], he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama was elected over [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee [[John McCain]] in the [[2008 United States presidential election|general election]] and was [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inaugurated]] alongside his running mate [[Joe Biden]], on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, he was named the [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate, a decision that drew a mixture of praise and criticism.
Obama signed many landmark bills into law during his first two [[Presidency of Barack Obama|years in office]]. The main reforms include: the [[Affordable Care Act]], sometimes referred to as "the ACA" or "Obamacare", the [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]], and the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]]. The [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|American Recovery and Reinvestment Act]] and [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010|Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act]] served as economic stimuli amidst the [[Great Recession in the United States|Great Recession]]. After a [[United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011|lengthy debate over the national debt limit]], he signed the [[Budget Control Act of 2011]] and the [[American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012]]. In foreign policy, he increased U.S. troop levels in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]], reduced nuclear weapons with the United States–[[Russia]] [[New START]] treaty, and [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)|ended military involvement]] in the [[Iraq War]]. In 2011, Obama ordered the drone-strike killing in Yemen of [[al-Qaeda]] operative [[Anwar al-Awlaki]], who was an American citizen. He ordered [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military involvement in Libya]] in order to implement [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|UN Security Council Resolution 1973]], contributing to the overthrow of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. He also ordered [[Operation Neptune Spear|the counterterrorism raid]] that killed [[Osama bin Laden]].
After winning [[2012 United States presidential election|re-election]] by defeating Republican opponent [[Mitt Romney]], Obama was [[Second inauguration of Barack Obama|sworn in for a second term]] on January 20, 2013. During this term, he condemned the [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|2013 Snowden leaks]] as unpatriotic, but called for more restrictions on the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) to address privacy issues. Obama also promoted inclusion for [[LGBT American]]s. His administration filed briefs that urged the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] to strike down [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] bans as unconstitutional (''[[United States v. Windsor]]'' and ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]''); same-sex marriage was [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|legalized]] nationwide in 2015 after the Court ruled so in ''Obergefell''. He advocated for [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] in response to the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], indicating support for a ban on [[assault weapons]], and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning [[global warming]] and immigration. In foreign policy, he ordered [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)|military interventions in Iraq]] and [[American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war|Syria]] in response to gains made by [[Islamic State|ISIL]] after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 [[Paris Agreement]] on global climate change, drew down [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)|U.S. troops in Afghanistan]] in 2016, initiated [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|sanctions against Russia]] following its [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and again after [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|interference in the 2016 U.S. elections]], brokered the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] nuclear deal with Iran, and [[Cuban thaw|normalized U.S. relations with Cuba]]. Obama nominated [[Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates|three justices to the Supreme Court]]: [[Sonia Sotomayor]] and [[Elena Kagan]] were confirmed as justices, while [[Merrick Garland]] was [[Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination|denied hearings or a vote]] from the Republican-majority [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in [[Washington, D.C.]]
During Obama's [[Presidency of Barack Obama|terms as president]], the United States' reputation abroad, as well as the American economy, significantly improved. Scholars and historians rank him among [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|the upper to mid tier]] of American presidents. Since leaving office, Obama has remained active in Democratic politics, including campaigning for candidates in the [[2018 United States elections|2018 midterm elections]], appearing at the [[2020 Democratic National Convention]] and campaigning for Biden during the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]]. Outside of politics, Obama has published three [[Bibliography of Barack Obama|bestselling books]]: ''[[Dreams from My Father]]'' (1995)'', [[The Audacity of Hope]]'' (2006) and ''[[A Promised Land]]'' (2020).
{{TOC limit|4}}
==Early life and career==
{{Main|Early life and career of Barack Obama}}
[[File:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stanley Armour Dunham]], [[Ann Dunham]], [[Maya Soetoro-Ng|Maya Soetoro]] and Barack Obama, (L to R) mid-1970s in [[Honolulu]]]]
Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<ref name="biography">{{cite web |year = 2008 |title = President Barack Obama |publisher = The White House |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama |access-date = December 12, 2008 |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama |archive-date=October 26, 2009 }}</ref> at [[Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]].<ref name="birth-certificate" /><ref name="maraniss">{{cite news |author = Maraniss, David |date = August 24, 2008 |title = Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A22 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html |access-date = October 28, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Nakaso, Dan |date = December 22, 2008 |title = Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years |newspaper = [[The Honolulu Advertiser]] |page = B1 |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html |access-date = January 22, 2011 }}</ref> He is the only president born outside the [[contiguous United States|contiguous 48 states]].<ref name="BarretoO'Bryant2013">{{cite book|last1=Barreto|first1=Amílcar Antonio|first2=Richard L.|last2=O'Bryant|title=American Identity in the Age of Obama|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|access-date=May 8, 2017|date=November 12, 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-93715-9|pages=18–19|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> He was born to an American mother and a Kenyan father. His mother, [[Ann Dunham]] (1942–1995), was born in [[Wichita, Kansas]] and was mostly of English descent, though in 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village of [[Moneygall|Moneygall, Ireland]] to the US in 1850.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=On This Day: US President Barack Obama arrives in Ireland for a visit |url=http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/genealogy/obama-irish-ancestor |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=IrishCentral.com |language=en}}</ref> In July 2012, [[Ancestry.com]] found a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended from [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], an enslaved African man who lived in the [[Colony of Virginia]] during the seventeenth century.<ref name="ancestry">[http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/ "Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094350/http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/ |date=April 2, 2015 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''. July 30, 2012.</ref><ref>Hennessey, Kathleen. [https://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/30/news/la-pn-obama-related-to-legendary-virginia-slave-genealogist-says-20120730 "Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. July 30, 2012.</ref> Obama's father, [[Barack Obama Sr.]] (1934–1982),<ref>Maraniss (2012), <span class="plainlinks">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Barack_Obama/Wnna9CLtblAC?&gbpv=1&pg=PT65 p. 65]</span>: He had been born inside the euphorbia hedges of the K'obama homestead on June 18, 1934.</ref><ref>Liberties (2012), <span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=8d9NAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA202 p. 202]</span>: The age of the father is questionable since most of the documents Barack Hussein Obama filled out during his United States student visa was June 18, 1934; however, Obama II's book ''Dreams of My Father'' states his birth date was June 18, 1936. Check out Immigration and Naturalization Service records, and those documents also indicate the birth date to be June 18, 1934, thereby making Obama Sr. twenty-seven at the birth of Obama II instead of the annotated twenty-five on the birth certificate.</ref> was a married<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|last=Jacobs |first=Sally |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life |title=President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life' |publisher=NPR |date=July 6, 2011 |access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Swaine |first=Jon |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s' |newspaper=Telegraph |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=January 16, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Rachel L. |last=Swarns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/nyregion/letters-by-and-about-barack-obamas-father.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618145445/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/nyregion/letters-by-and-about-barack-obamas-father.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Words of Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> [[Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania|Luo Kenyan]] from [[Nyang'oma Kogelo]].<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref>{{cite news|author=David R Arnott |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/photo/obamas-old-school-his-ancestral-village-world-reacts-us-presidential-flna1C6912948 |title=From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election |work=NBC News |access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a [[Russian language]] class at the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]], where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<ref name="Jones 2007">{{cite news |author = Jones, Tim |date = March 27, 2007 |title = Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator |newspaper = [[Chicago Tribune]] |page = 1 (Tempo) |url=http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112933/http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt |archive-date = February 7, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
* Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.</ref> The couple married in [[Wailuku, Hawaii]], on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.<ref name="Ripley 2008">{{cite news |author = Ripley, Amanda |date = April 9, 2008 |title = The story of Barack Obama's mother |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html |access-date = April 9, 2007 }}</ref><ref>Scott (2011), p. 86.
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.</ref>
In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]], where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in [[economics]] in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at [[Harvard University]], where he earned an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</ref> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.<ref>Obama "Dreams from My Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"</ref> He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</ref> before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<ref>{{cite news |author = Ochieng, Philip |date = November 1, 2004 |title = From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found |newspaper = [[The EastAfrican]] |location = Nairobi |url=http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html |archive-date = September 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html }}
* {{cite news |author = Merida, Kevin |date = December 14, 2007 |title = The ghost of a father |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A12 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html |access-date = June 25, 2008 }}
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</ref> Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."<ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10" /> He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<ref>{{cite news |author = Serrano, Richard A. |date = March 11, 2007 |title = Obama's peers didn't see his angst |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |page = A20 |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story |access-date = March 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108080115/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story |archive-date = November 8, 2008 }}
* Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</ref>
In 1963, Dunham met [[Lolo Soetoro]] at the [[University of Hawaii]]; he was an [[Native Indonesian|Indonesian]] [[East–West Center]] [[graduate student]] in [[geography]]. The couple married on [[Molokai]] on March 15, 1965.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</ref> After two one-year extensions of his [[J-1 visa]], Lolo returned to [[Indonesia]] in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the [[Tebet, South Jakarta|Tebet]] district of [[South Jakarta]]. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the [[Menteng]] district of [[Central Jakarta]].<ref>Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</ref>
===Education===
[[File:Barry Soetoro school record.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama's school record in St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School. Obama was enrolled as "Barry Soetoro" (no. 1), and was wrongly recorded as an Indonesian citizen (no. 3) and a Muslim (no. 4).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Suhartono|first=Anton|date=March 19, 2010|title=Sekolah di SD Asisi, Obama Berstatus Agama Islam|work=Okezone|url=https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2010/03/19/337/313977/sekolah-di-sd-asisi-obama-berstatus-agama-islam|language=Indonesian|access-date=January 21, 2021}}</ref>]]
At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he attended local [[Indonesian Language|Indonesian-language]] schools: ''Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi'' (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and [[State Elementary School Menteng 01|''Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01'']] (State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language [[Calvert School]] homeschooling by his mother.<ref>Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler |title = Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler?—Calvert Education Blog |publisher = calverteducation.com |access-date = November 25, 2015 |date = January 25, 2014 }}</ref> As a result of his four years in [[Jakarta]], he was able to speak [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] fluently as a child.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYIK9QtNu3w |title = Wawancara Eksklusif RCTI dengan Barack Obama (Part 2) |date = March 2010 |website = YouTube |access-date = February 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="in Jakarta" /><ref name="in Jakarta2">{{cite web |title = Obama's Indonesian pleasantries: the video |url=https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1052 |author = Zimmer, Benjamin |date = January 23, 2009 |access-date = October 7, 2012 |website = Language Log |publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania]] }}</ref> During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011 |title=What Barack Obama Learned from His Father |last=Meacham |first=Jon |date=August 22, 2008 |newspaper=Newsweek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100237/http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011?rx=us |archive-date=January 7, 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2017 }}</ref>
In 1971, Obama returned to [[Honolulu]] to live with his maternal grandparents, [[Madelyn Dunham|Madelyn]] and [[Stanley Armour Dunham|Stanley Dunham]]. He attended [[Punahou School]]—a private [[University-preparatory school|college preparatory school]]—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<ref>{{cite news |author = Serafin, Peter |date = March 21, 2004 |title = Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics |newspaper = [[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html |access-date = March 20, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = March 14, 2008 |title = A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path |work = The New York Times |page = A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314042735/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html |archive-date=March 14, 2008 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date = November 18, 2011 }}
* Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
* Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</ref> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname "Barry".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255 |title = When Barry Became Barack |last = Wolffe |first = Richard |date = March 22, 2008 |access-date = March 21, 2016 |work = [[Newsweek]] }}</ref> Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, [[Maya Soetoro-Ng|Maya Soetoro]], in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in [[anthropology]] at the [[University of Hawaii]].<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 139–157.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</ref> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 157–194.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</ref> His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a [[PhD]] degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for [[ovarian cancer|ovarian]] and [[uterine cancer]].<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.</ref>
Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered&nbsp;— to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect&nbsp;— became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."<ref>{{cite news |author = Reyes, B.J. |date = February 8, 2007 |title = Punahou left lasting impression on Obama |newspaper = Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html |access-date = February 10, 2007 |quote = As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended mostly by blacks. }}</ref> Obama has also written and talked about using [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[marijuana]], and [[cocaine]] during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."<ref>{{cite news|author=Elliott, Philip |agency=Associated Press |date=November 21, 2007 |title=Obama gets blunt with N.H. students |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |page=8A |url=http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail |access-date=May 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail |archive-date=April 7, 2012 }}</ref> Obama was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends who spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.<ref>{{cite news |last=Karl |first=Jonathan |work = ABC News |date = May 25, 2012 |title = Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang" |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/ |access-date = May 25, 2012 }}
* {{cite book |first = Barack |last = Obama |year = 2004 |orig-date = 1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93 |title = Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance |pages = 93–94 |access-date = June 3, 2016 |isbn = 978-0-307-39412-5 }}
* {{cite book |first = David |last = Maraniss |year = 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom |title = Barack Obama: The Story |at = pages with "choom gang" |access-date = June 3, 2016 |isbn = 978-1-4391-6753-3 }}
* for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:
* {{cite news |author = Seelye, Katharine Q. |date = October 24, 2006 |title = Obama offers more variations from the norm |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A21 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63 |access-date = October 29, 2006 }}
* {{cite news |author = Romano, Lois |date = January 3, 2007 |title = Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A1 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html |access-date = January 14, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/ |title = FRONTLINE The Choice 2012 |publisher = PBS |date = October 9, 2012 |access-date = October 29, 2012 }}</ref>
====College and research jobs====
After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to [[Los Angeles]] to attend [[Occidental College]] on a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the [[disinvestment from South Africa]] in response to that nation's policy of [[apartheid]].<ref name="Occidental" /> In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in [[Pakistan]] for three weeks.<ref name="Occidental" /> Later in 1981, he [[College transfer|transferred]] to [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]] as a [[Junior (education year)|junior]], where he majored in [[political science]] with a specialty in [[international relations]]<ref>{{cite news |author = Boss-Bicak, Shira |date = January 2005 |title = Barack Obama '83 |magazine = Columbia College Today |issn = 0572-7820 |url=http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php |access-date = October 1, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905121815/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php |archive-date = September 5, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in [[English literature]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/26/remarks-president-town-hall|title=Remarks by the President in Town Hall|date=June 26, 2014|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=October 15, 2016}}</ref> and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/ |title = The Approval Matrix |date = August 27, 2012 |work = New York }}</ref> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1983 and a 3.7 [[Grading (education)#United States|GPA]]. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at the [[Business International Corporation]], where he was a financial researcher and writer,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92337754 |title=Obama's Early Brush With Financial Markets |last=Horsley |first=Scott |date=July 9, 2008 |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = Obama, Barack |year = 1998 |title = Curriculum vitae |publisher = The University of Chicago Law School |url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html |archive-date = May 9, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html |access-date = October 1, 2006 }}
* {{cite news |author = Issenberg, Sasha |date = August 6, 2008 |title = Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 1A |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/ |access-date = August 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107145054/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance?page=full |archive-date = November 7, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> then as a project coordinator for the [[New York Public Interest Research Group]] on the [[City College of New York]] campus for three months in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = July 30, 2007 |title = Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say |newspaper = The New York Times |page = B1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031000738/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html |archive-date=October 31, 2007 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date = July 31, 2007 }}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.
* Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</ref><ref name="Who's Who 2008">{{cite book |editor = Chassie, Karen |year = 2007 |title = Who's Who in America, 2008 |page = 3468 |place = New Providence, NJ |publisher = Marquis Who's Who |isbn = 978-0-8379-7011-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513 |title = Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job |date = November 9, 2008 |newspaper = Newsday |first = Jason |last = Fink }}</ref>
====Community organizer and Harvard Law School====
Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the [[Developing Communities Project]], a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in [[Roseland, Chicago|Roseland]], [[West Pullman, Chicago|West Pullman]], and [[Riverdale, Chicago|Riverdale]] on Chicago's [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]]. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lizza |first=Ryan |date=March 19, 2007 |title=The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education |magazine=The New Republic |volume=236 |issue=12 |pages=22–26, 28–29 |issn=0028-6583 |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education |access-date=August 21, 2007 }}
* {{cite news|last1=Secter |first1=Bob |last2=McCormick |first2=John |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Portrait of a pragmatist |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story |access-date=May 18, 2012 |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |url-status=dead }}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
* Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</ref> He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in [[Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)|Altgeld Gardens]].<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a">{{cite news |last = Matchan |first = Linda |date = February 15, 1990 |title = A Law Review breakthrough |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 29 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough |access-date = June 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last = Corr |first = John |date = February 27, 1990 |title = From mean streets to hallowed halls |newspaper = The Philadelphia Inquirer |page = C01 |format = paid archive |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date = June 6, 2008 }}</ref> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the [[Gamaliel Foundation]], a community organizing institute.<ref>{{cite magazine |last = Obama |first = Barack |date = August–September 1988 |title = Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city |magazine = Illinois Issues |volume = 14 |issue = 8–9 |pages = 40–42 |issn = 0738-9663 }} reprinted in:{{break}}{{cite book |editor = Knoepfle, Peg |year = 1990 |title = After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois |place = Springfield, IL |publisher = Sangamon State University |pages = 35–40 |isbn = 978-0-9620873-3-2 |quote = He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest. }}</ref> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his [[Jael Obama|paternal relatives]] for the first time.<ref name="Obama 2012">{{cite book |last = Obama |first = Auma |year = 2012 |title = And then life happens: a memoir |location = New York |publisher = St. Martin's Press |isbn = 978-1-250-01005-6 |pages = 189–208, 212–216 }}</ref><ref>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.</ref>
{{external media | float = right | video1 = [http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard], April 24, 1990, 11:34, [[WGBH Educational Foundation|Boston TV Digital Archive]]<ref name="wgbh">{{cite news |url=http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N |title=Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard |date=April 24, 1990 |work=[[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]], [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] |publisher=WGBH and the [[Library of Congress]] |location=Boston and Washington, D.C. |access-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref> Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25. }}
Despite being offered a full scholarship to [[Northwestern University School of Law]], Obama enrolled at [[Harvard Law School]] in the fall of 1988, living in nearby [[Somerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Somerville Scout |issue=January/February 2014 |page=26 |title=Something in the Water |url=https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/ |author1=Joey Del Ponte |author2=Somerville Scout Staff |quote=Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway{{nbs}}... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School. |access-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101163528/https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was selected as an editor of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'' at the end of his first year,<ref name="Harvard Law 2007">{{cite news |first1 = Michael |last1 = Levenson |first2 = Jonathan |last2 = Saltzman |date = January 28, 2007 |title = At Harvard Law, a unifying voice |newspaper = Boston Globe |page = 1A |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/ |access-date = June 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author = Kantor, Jodi |date = January 28, 2007 |title = In law school, Obama found political voice |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307091848/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html |archive-date=March 7, 2007 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date = June 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author = Mundy, Liza |date = August 12, 2007 |title = A series of fortunate events |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = W10 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html |access-date = June 15, 2008 }}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</ref> president of the journal in his second year,<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b">{{cite news |author = Butterfield, Fox |date = February 6, 1990 |title = First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html |access-date = June 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |author = Ybarra, Michael J |date = February 7, 1990 |title = Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 3 |url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-07-9001110408-story.html |access-date = October 29, 2011 }}
* {{cite news |author = Drummond, Tammerlin |date = March 12, 1990 |title = Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |page = E1 |format = paid archive |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date = June 15, 2008 |archive-date = June 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150504/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite magazine |last = Evans |first = Gaynelle |date = March 15, 1990 |title = Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama |magazine = Black Issues in Higher Education |volume = 7 |issue = 1 |page = 5 |issn = 0742-0277 |url = https://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/ |access-date = May 18, 2012 }}
* {{cite news |author = Pugh, Allison J. |agency = Associated Press |date = April 18, 1990 |title = Law Review's first black president aims to help poor |newspaper = The Miami Herald |page = C01 |url = https://allisonpugh.weebly.com/uploads/4/4/7/8/44787215/miami_herald__22law_review_president_22.pdf |access-date = January 1, 2020 }}</ref> and research assistant to the constitutional scholar [[Laurence Tribe]] while at Harvard for two years.<ref>{{YouTube|wzmmBZ7i4BQ}}</ref> During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a [[Associate attorney#Summer associates|summer associate]] at the law firms of [[Sidley Austin]] in 1989 and [[Hopkins & Sutter]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |author = Aguilar, Louis |date = July 11, 1990 |title = Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929145015/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |archive-date=September 29, 2008 |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 (Business) |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date = June 15, 2008 }}</ref> After graduating with a [[Juris Doctor]] ''[[magna cum laude]]''<ref name="Juris Doctor" /> from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.<ref name="Harvard Law 2007" /> Obama's election as the [[List of African-American firsts|first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review'']] gained national media attention<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b" /> and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<ref name="Scott 2008a">{{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html |access-date = June 15, 2008 }}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</ref> which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as ''[[Dreams from My Father]]''.<ref name="Scott 2008a" />
====University of Chicago Law School====
In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] to work on his first book.<ref name="Scott 2008a" /><ref name="Fellow" /> He then taught [[constitutional law]] at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a [[lecturer]] from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web |date = March 27, 2008 |title = Statement regarding Barack Obama |publisher = University of Chicago Law School |url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |access-date = June 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225931/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |archive-date = June 8, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last=Miller |first=Joe |date = March 28, 2008 |title = Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor? |work=FactCheck.org |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/ |access-date = May 18, 2012 }}
* {{cite web |last=Holan |first=Angie Drobnic |date=March 7, 2008 |title = Obama's 20 years of experience |work=PolitiFact.com |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience/ |access-date = June 10, 2008 }}</ref>
From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's [[Project Vote]], a [[voter registration campaign]] with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading ''[[Crain's Chicago Business]]'' to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<ref name="Forty" />
===Family and personal life===
{{Main|Family of Barack Obama}}
In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of [[family of Barack Obama|his extended family]]: "It's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like [[Bernie Mac]], and I've got relatives who look like [[Margaret Thatcher]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10 |title = Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First |date = October 18, 2006|website = The Oprah Winfrey Show |access-date = June 24, 2008}}</ref> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised ([[Maya Soetoro-Ng]]) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.<ref>{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Fornek |title=Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family' |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=June 24, 2008 |url-status=dead}} See also: {{cite news |url=http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html |archive-date=July 3, 2008 |title=Interactive Family Tree |date=September 9, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=June 24, 2008 }}</ref> Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, [[Madelyn Dunham]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Fornek |title=Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer' |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232433/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.article |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=June 24, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> until her death on November 2, 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html |title = Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer |publisher = CNN |access-date = November 4, 2008 |date = November 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html |archive-date = November 3, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in [[Moneygall]] in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html |title = Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall |date = May 9, 2011 |work = The Huffington Post |first = Megan |last = Smolenyak }}</ref> In ''Dreams from My Father'', Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of [[Jefferson Davis]], [[President of the Confederate States of America]] during the [[American Civil War]]. He also shares distant ancestors in common with [[George W. Bush]] and [[Dick Cheney]], among others.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, [[Dick Cheney]], and [[Harry S. Truman]], see: {{cite news|first1=David |last1=Nitkin |first2=Harry |last2=Merritt |title=A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History |date=March 2, 2007 |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |work=The Baltimore Sun |access-date=June 24, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mary |last=Jordan |title=Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own |date=May 13, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=June 24, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises |date=September 8, 2007 |publisher=CBS 2 (Chicago) |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html |agency=Associated Press |access-date=June 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html |archive-date=June 2, 2008 }}</ref>
Obama lived with anthropologist [[Sheila Miyoshi Jager]] while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<ref name="theindependentbeforemichelle">{{cite news|last1=Hosie|first1=Rachel|title=BEFORE MICHELLE: THE STORY OF BARACK OBAMA'S PROPOSAL TO SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html|access-date=May 11, 2017|work=The Independent|date=May 3, 2017}}</ref> He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<ref name="theindependentbeforemichelle" /><ref name="tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor">{{cite news|last1=Tobias|first1=Andrew J.|title=Oberlin College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography reveals|url=http://www.cleveland.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/oberlin_college_professor_rece.html|access-date=May 11, 2017|work=The Plain Dealer|date=May 3, 2017}}</ref> The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.<ref name="tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor" />
[[File:Obama family portrait in the Green Room.jpg|thumb|Obama poses in the [[Green Room (White House)|Green Room]] of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009]]
In June 1989, Obama met [[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]] when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of [[Sidley Austin]].<ref>Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: {{cite news |first = Sarah |last = Brown |title = Obama '85 masters balancing act |work = The Daily Princetonian |url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049 |date = December 7, 2005 |access-date = February 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/ |archive-date = February 20, 2009 }}</ref> Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.<ref>Obama (2006), p. 329.</ref> They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<ref>{{cite news |author=Fornek, Scott |title=Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet' |date=October 3, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208051056/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent [[in vitro fertilization]] to conceive their children.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/09/michelle-obama-had-miscarriage-used-ivf-conceive-girls/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/09/michelle-obama-had-miscarriage-used-ivf-conceive-girls/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Michelle Obama had miscarriage, used IVF to conceive girls|first=Ben|last=Riley-Smith|date=November 9, 2018|access-date=November 15, 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html |title = Born on the 4th of July |date = July 4, 2008 |access-date = July 10, 2008 |work = Politico |last = Martin |first = Jonathan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html |archive-date = July 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: {{cite web |title = Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama |url=http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153 |publisher = Gannett News Service |access-date = April 28, 2008 }}</ref> The Obama daughters attended the [[University of Chicago Laboratory Schools]]. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the [[Sidwell Friends School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php |title = Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School |website = International Herald Tribune |date = November 22, 2008 |access-date = July 2, 2015 |archive-date = January 29, 2009 }}</ref> The Obamas had two [[Portuguese Water Dog]]s; the first, a male named [[Bo (dog)|Bo]], was a gift from Senator [[Ted Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416023426/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title = One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo |work = The New York Times |date = April 13, 2009 |access-date = December 22, 2010 |first = Helene |last = Cooper }}</ref> In 2013, Bo was joined by [[Sunny (dog)|Sunny]], a female.<ref name=Feldmann>{{Cite journal |last = Feldmann |first = Linda |title = New little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video) |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video |journal = Christian Science Monitor |access-date = August 20, 2013 |date = August 20, 2013 }}</ref> Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wang|first=Amy|date=May 8, 2021|title=Obamas announce death of dog Bo, 'a true friend and loyal companion'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2021/05/08/obama-dog-bo-dies/|access-date=May 8, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
[[File:Barack Obama playing basketball with members of Congress and Cabinet secretaries 2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama.|Obama playing in a [[Pick-up game|pickup game]] on the [[White House]] basketball court, 2009]]
Obama is a supporter of the [[Chicago White Sox]], and he threw out the first pitch at the [[2005 American League Championship Series|2005 ALCS]] when he was still a senator.<ref>{{cite news |title = Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball |date = August 25, 2008 |first = Mark |last = Silva |work = Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html |archive-date = August 29, 2008 }}</ref> In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the [[2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]] while wearing a White Sox jacket.<ref>{{cite web |title = Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit |date = July 14, 2009 |publisher = MLB Fanhouse |url=http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700 |access-date = December 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704194211/http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700 |archive-date = July 4, 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref> He is also primarily a [[Chicago Bears]] football fan in the [[National Football League|NFL]], but in his childhood and adolescence was a [[Steeler Nation|fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers]], and rooted for them ahead of their victory in [[Super Bowl XLIII]] 12 days after he took office as president.<ref name="Steelers">{{cite news |last = Branigin |first = William |title = Steelers Win Obama's Approval |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = January 30, 2009 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html |quote = But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart. }}</ref> In 2011, Obama invited the [[1985 Chicago Bears season|1985 Chicago Bears]] to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their [[Super Bowl XX|Super Bowl win]] in 1986 due to the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Mayer |first = Larry |url=http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4 |title = 1985 Bears honored by President Obama |publisher = [[Chicago Bears]] |date = October 7, 2011 |access-date = November 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094538/http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4 |archive-date = May 7, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<ref>{{cite news |first = Jodi |last = Kantor |title = One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow |date = June 1, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html |work = The New York Times |access-date = April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html|archive-date=April 1, 2009 |url-status=live }} See also: {{cite news |title = The Love of the Game |format = video |date = April 15, 2008 |work = Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel |publisher = HBO |url=http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html |access-date = October 12, 2011 }}</ref> and he is left-handed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123145020/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title = On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone |last = Stolberg |first = Sheryl Gay |author2 = Kirkpatrick, David D. |author3 = Shane, Scott |date = January 22, 2009 |work = The New York Times |page = 1 |access-date = September 7, 2012 }}</ref>
In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a [[Hyde Park, Chicago]] condominium to a $1.6{{nbs}}million house (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1.6|2005|r=1}}{{nbs}}million in {{Inflation-year|US}}) in neighboring [[Kenwood, Chicago]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Zeleny |title=The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year |date=December 24, 2005 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend [[Tony Rezko]]—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<ref name="corruption charges" />
In December 2007, ''[[Money (magazine)|Money Magazine]]'' estimated Obama's net worth at $1.3{{nbs}}million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1.3|2007|r=1}}{{nbs}}million in {{Inflation-year|US}}).<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama's Money |date = December 7, 2007 |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html |publisher = [[CNNMoney]] |access-date = April 28, 2008 |first = Marlys |last = Harris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html |archive-date = April 24, 2008 |url-status=live }}{{break}}See also:{{cite news |first = Zachary A |last = Goldfarb |title = Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates |date = March 24, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = April 28, 2008 }}</ref> Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5{{nbs}}million—up from about $4.2{{nbs}}million in 2007 and $1.6{{nbs}}million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.<ref>{{cite news |first = Jeff |last = Zeleny |title = Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html |date = April 17, 2008 |work = The New York Times |access-date = April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015848/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html|archive-date=April 16, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html |title = Obamas report $5.5 million in income on 2009 tax return |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = April 16, 2010 |access-date = December 22, 2010 |first1 = Michael D. |last1 = Shear |first2 = David S. |last2 = Hilzenrath }}</ref> On his 2010 income of $1.7{{nbs}}million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to [[Fisher House Foundation]], a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html |date = April 18, 2011 |title = How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010? |work = [[PBS NewsHour]] |first = Paul |last = Solman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502113725/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html |archive-date = May 2, 2011 |access-date = January 27, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html |date = April 27, 2011 |title = The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It? |work = [[PBS NewsHour]] |first = Paul |last = Solman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129072652/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html |archive-date = January 29, 2014 |access-date = January 27, 2012 }}</ref> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10{{nbs}}million.<ref name="networth12">{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1 |title = Obama worth as much as $10 million |last = Wolf |first = Richard |date = May 16, 2012 |work = [[USA Today]] |access-date = June 16, 2012 }}</ref>
===Religious views===
Obama is a [[Protestant]] Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life.<ref name="Christian" /> He wrote in ''[[The Audacity of Hope]]'' that he "was not raised in a religious household." He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person{{nbsp}}... I have ever known", and "a lonely witness for [[secular humanism]]." He described his father as a "confirmed [[Atheism|atheist]]" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with [[black church]]es as a [[Community organizing|community organizer]] while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<ref name="social change" />
[[File:Obamas at church on Inauguration Day 2013.jpg|thumb|The Obamas worship at [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] in Washington, D.C., January 2013]]
In January 2008, Obama told ''[[Christianity Today]]'': "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the [[Redeemer (Christianity)|redemptive death]] and [[resurrection of Jesus Christ]]. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Pulliam |first1 = Sarah |last2 = Olsen |first2 = Ted |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2 |title = Q&A: Barack Obama |work = Christianity Today |date = January 23, 2008 |access-date = January 4, 2013 }}</ref> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying:
{{blockquote|I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of [[Jesus Christ]] spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, [[Golden Rule|treating others as they would treat me]].<ref name="APbychoice">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html|title=Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner|last1=Babington|first1=Charles|last2=Superville|first2=Darlene|agency=Associated Press|date=September 28, 2010|work=The Huffington Post|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html|archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="ABCVideobychoice">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html|title=President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice ... The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me'|work=[[ABC News]]|date=September 29, 2010|access-date=December 27, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713041729/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me/|archive-date=July 13, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
Obama met [[Trinity United Church of Christ]] pastor [[Jeremiah Wright]] in October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.<ref name="Trinity" /> During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after [[Jeremiah Wright controversy|some of Wright's statements were criticized]].<ref>{{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = November 17, 2008 |title = Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized |work = NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757 |access-date = January 20, 2009 }}</ref> Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including [[Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)|Shiloh Baptist Church]] and [[St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square|St. John's Episcopal Church]], as well as Evergreen Chapel at [[Camp David]], but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parker |first=Ashley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230064130/http://www.nytimes.com//2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=As the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible |work=The New York Times |date=December 28, 2013 |access-date=January 15, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gilgoff |first=Dan |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt |title=TIME Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=June 30, 2009 |access-date=January 15, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/ |title=First Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church |publisher=CBS DC |agency=Associated Press |date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=January 15, 2017 }}</ref>
In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him "of all the different people I've met along the way", adding: "I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times." The items, "a whole bowl full", include rosary beads given to him by [[Pope Francis]], a figurine of the Hindu deity [[Hanuman]], a [[Coptic cross]] from Ethiopia, a small [[Buddha statue]] given by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revealed: Obama always carries Hanuman statuette in pocket |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Revealed-Obama-always-carries-Hanuman-statuette-in-pocket/article14001552.ece |access-date=April 8, 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=January 16, 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Obama Reveals Lucky Charms During Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ox6LidnmbPM |agency=Associated Press |access-date=April 8, 2021 |language=en |date=January 16, 2016}}</ref>
== Legal career ==
=== Civil Rights attorney ===
He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an [[associate attorney|associate]] for three years from 1993 to 1996, then [[of counsel]] from 1996 to 2004.{{failed verification|date=October 2021}} In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in ''Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank'', 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-9000.pdf |title = Civil Docket for Case #: 1:94-cv-04094 |author = <nowiki>United States District Court: Northern District of Illinois—CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago)</nowiki> |date = July 6, 1994 |publisher = clearinghouse.net |access-date = June 3, 2016 }}</ref> This [[Class-action lawsuit|class action lawsuit]] was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the [[Equal Credit Opportunity Act]] and the [[Fair Housing Act]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=10112 |title = Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank—Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse |publisher = clearinghouse.net |access-date = November 25, 2015 }}</ref> The case was settled out of court.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0008.pdf |title = Settlement Agreement |author = United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division |date = January 16, 1988 |publisher = clearinghouse.net |access-date = June 3, 2016 }}</ref> Final judgment was issued on May 13, 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0010.pdf |title = Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal |author = United States District Court For the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division |date = May 13, 1998 |publisher = clearinghouse.net |access-date = June 3, 2016 }}</ref>
From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the [[Woods Fund of Chicago]]—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the [[Joyce Foundation]].<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> He served on the board of directors of the [[Chicago Annenberg Challenge]] from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> Obama's law license became inactive in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/ |title = The Obamas' Law Licenses |publisher = FactCheck.org |date = June 14, 2012 |access-date = July 16, 2012 |last=Gore |first=D'Angelo }}</ref><ref name="DavisMiner" />
== Legislative career ==
=== Illinois Senate (1997–2004) ===
{{Main|Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama}}
[[File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg|thumb|State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after [[ShoreBank]] co-founder Milton Davis in 1998]]
Obama was elected to the [[Illinois Senate]] in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]] from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]]–[[Kenwood, Chicago|Kenwood]] south to [[South Shore, Chicago|South Shore]] and west to [[Chicago Lawn, Chicago|Chicago Lawn]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=David |last1=Jackson |last2=Long |first2=Ray |title=Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot |date=April 3, 2007 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=May 18, 2012 |archive-date=October 11, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last = White |first = Jesse |author-link = Jesse White (politician) |year = 2001 |chapter = Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment |chapter-url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf |title = Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002 |place = Springfield |publisher = [[Illinois Secretary of State]] |page = 65 |access-date = July 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf |archive-date = February 26, 2008 }} State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</ref> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<ref>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Slevin |title=Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol |date=February 9, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=April 20, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists |date=September 23, 2007 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/ |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/ |archive-date=April 16, 2008 |url-status=live }} See also:{{cite news|title=Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics |date=January 17, 2007 |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml |agency=Associated Press |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml |archive-date=April 12, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> He sponsored a law that increased [[tax credit]]s for low-income workers, negotiated [[welfare reform]], and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.<ref name="Scott20070730">{{cite news |first = Janny |last = Scott |title = In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd |date = July 30, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html |work = The New York Times |access-date = April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html|archive-date=December 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's [[payday loan]] regulations and [[Predatory lending|predatory mortgage lending]] regulations aimed at averting home [[foreclosure]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Allison| first=Melissa |date=December 15, 2000 |title=State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Business) |access-date=June 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450%3A65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Ray |last1=Long |first2=Melissa |last2=Allison |date=April 18, 2001 |title=Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |access-date=June 1, 2008 |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218011718/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |title = 13th District: Barack Obama |access-date = April 20, 2008 |date = August 24, 2000 |publisher = Illinois State Senate Democrats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |archive-date = August 24, 2000 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |title = 13th District: Barack Obama |access-date = April 20, 2008 |date = October 9, 2004 |publisher = Illinois State Senate Democrats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |archive-date = August 2, 2004 }}</ref> In 2000, he lost a [[2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election|Democratic primary race]] for [[Illinois's 1st congressional district]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] to four-term incumbent [[Bobby Rush]] by a margin of two to one.<ref name="Democratic primary" />
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jackie |last=Calmes |title=Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama |date=February 23, 2007 |url=https://www.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=April 20, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918032039/http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html |archive-date=September 18, 2008 }}</ref> He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor [[racial profiling]] by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<ref name="Scott20070730" /><ref>{{cite news|author=Tavella, Anne Marie |date=April 14, 2003 |title=Profiling, taping plans pass Senate |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate |format=paid archive |work=Daily Herald |page=17 |access-date=June 1, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Haynes, V. Dion |date=June 29, 2003 |title=Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=8 |access-date=June 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150449/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461%3A352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pearson |first=Rick |date=July 17, 2003 |title=Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Metro) |access-date=June 1, 2008 |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218011706/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status=dead }}</ref> During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]] reforms.<ref>{{cite news |first1 = Sam |last1 = Youngman |last2 = Blake |first2 = Aaron |title = Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals |date = March 14, 2007 |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/news/11316-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals |work = The Hill |access-date = May 18, 2012 }} See also: {{cite news |title = US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms |date = November 12, 2007 |work = International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607111231/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php |agency = Associated Press |access-date = May 18, 2012 |archive-date = June 7, 2008 }}</ref> Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news|first=Melanie |last=Coffee |title=Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat |date=November 6, 2004 |publisher=HPKCC |url=http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap |agency=Associated Press |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174431/http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== 2004 U.S. Senate campaign ===
{{Main|2004 United States Senate election in Illinois}}
[[File:2004 United States Senate election in Illinois results map by county.svg|left|upright=.6|thumb|Results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois; Obama won the counties in blue.]]
In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant [[David Axelrod (political consultant)|David Axelrod]] by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last = Helman |first = Scott |date = October 12, 2007 |title = Early defeat launched a rapid political climb |newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]] |page = 1A |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb |access-date = April 13, 2008 }}</ref>
Obama was an early opponent of the [[George W. Bush]] administration's [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Strausberg |first = Chinta |date = September 26, 2002 |title = Opposition to war mounts |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195931/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html |url-status=dead |archive-date = May 11, 2011 |format = paid archive |access-date = February 3, 2008 }}</ref> On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the [[Iraq Resolution|joint resolution]] authorizing the [[Iraq War]],<ref name="Rose Garden" /> Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago [[Protests against the Iraq War|anti-Iraq War rally]],<ref name="Federal Plaza" /> and spoke out against the war.<ref name="spoke out" /> He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.<ref name="stop the war" />
Decisions by Republican incumbent [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]] and his Democratic predecessor [[Carol Moseley Braun]] to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.<ref>{{cite news |last = Davey |first = Monica |date = March 7, 2004 |title = Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015834/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html|archive-date=April 16, 2009 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |page = 19 |access-date = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the [[Democratic National Committee|national Democratic Party]], started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, ''Dreams from My Father''.<ref name="future" /> In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the [[2004 Democratic National Convention]],<ref>{{cite news |last = Bernstein |first = David |date = June 2007 |title = The Speech |magazine = Chicago Magazine |url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech |access-date = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<ref name="status" />
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner [[Jack Ryan (politician)|Jack Ryan]], withdrew from the race in June 2004.<ref>{{cite news |date = June 25, 2004 |title = Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois |publisher = CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/ |access-date = May 18, 2012 }}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.</ref> Six weeks later, [[Alan Keyes]] accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.<ref>{{cite news |last = Lannan |first = Maura Kelly |agency = Associated Press |date = August 9, 2004 |title = Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star |newspaper = [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |url=http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html |access-date = April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214115053/http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html |archive-date = December 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the [[2004 United States Senate election in Illinois|November 2004 general election]], Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.<ref name="margin" /> He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well.
=== U.S. Senate (2005–2008) ===
{{See also|United States Senate career of Barack Obama|List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate}}
[[File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg|thumb|upright|Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate]]
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<ref>{{CongBio|o000167|inline=1|date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> becoming the only Senate member of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Member Info |url=http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709114659/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |archive-date = July 9, 2008 |publisher = Congressional Black Caucus |access-date = June 25, 2008 }}</ref> He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction]] concept to conventional weapons;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |title = Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President |date = January 11, 2007 |publisher = Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008 }} See also: {{cite news |first1 = Richard G. |last1 = Lugar |last2 = Obama |first2 = Barack |title = Junkyard Dogs of War |date = December 3, 2005 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> and the [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006]], which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.<ref>{{cite news |first = John |last = McCormack |title = Google Government Gone Viral |date = December 21, 2007 |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp |work = Weekly Standard |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423235240/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp |archive-date = April 23, 2008 |url-status=live }} See also: {{cite web |title = President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act |date = September 26, 2006 |url=http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |archive-date = May 1, 2008 |publisher = Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office |access-date = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators [[Tom Carper]], [[Tom Coburn]], and [[John McCain]]—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077 |title = S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress) |publisher = Govtrack.us |date = June 3, 2008 |access-date = May 18, 2012 }}</ref> He also [[Sponsor (legislative)|cosponsored]] the [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act]].<ref>{{cite web |first = 109th Congress, 1st Session |last = U.S. Senate |title = S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act |date = May 12, 2005 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/1033/cosponsors |publisher = Library of Congress |access-date = February 25, 2017}}</ref>
In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<ref>{{cite web |title = Democratic Republic of the Congo |date = April 2006 |url=http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml |publisher = United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date = January 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml |archive-date = January 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo |date = January 5, 2007 |url=http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html |publisher = International Rescue Committee |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061958/http://www.rescue.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html |archive-date = August 7, 2011 }}</ref> In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the [[Honest Leadership and Open Government Act]], which was signed into law in September 2007.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nathaniel |last=Weixel |title=Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel |date=November 15, 2007 |url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html |work=The Hill |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515201902/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html |archive-date=May 15, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nathaniel |last=Weixel |title=Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation |date=December 5, 2007 |url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html |work=The Hill |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416162108/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html |archive-date=April 16, 2008 |url-status=live }} See also: {{cite news|title=Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 |date=September 24, 2007 |publisher=Federal Election Commission |url=http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411220016/http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml |archive-date=April 11, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Lugar-Obama.jpg|thumb|alt=Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder.|left|Obama and U.S. Senator [[Richard Lugar]] (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<ref>{{cite web |title = Nunn–Lugar Report |date = August 2005 |publisher = Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |url=http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf |archive-date = May 1, 2008 |access-date = April 30, 2008 }}</ref>]]
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.<ref>{{cite web |title = Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action |date = October 1, 2007 |url=http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |publisher = Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |archive-date = December 5, 2010 }}</ref> This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title = Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008 |date = March 14, 2008 }}</ref> He sponsored the [[Disinvestment from Iran|Iran Sanctions Enabling Act]] supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the [[Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/s1065|title=Iran Sanctions Enabling Act of 2009 (2009—S. 1065)|website=GovTrack.us|access-date=August 27, 2018}}</ref> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.<ref name="nuclear terrorism" /> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]], providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title = Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members |date = August 2, 2007 |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008 }}</ref>
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Foreign Relations]], [[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Environment and Public Works]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs|Veterans' Affairs]] through December 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |date = December 9, 2006 |title = Committee Assignments |access-date = April 27, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |archive-date = December 9, 2006 }}</ref> In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions|Health, Education, Labor and Pensions]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Gets New Committee Assignments |date = November 15, 2006 |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |url=http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/ |agency = Associated Press |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154741/http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008 }}</ref> He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation|European Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |first = Tom |last = Baldwin |title = 'Stay at home' Barack Obama comes under fire for a lack of foreign experience |date = December 21, 2007 |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/stay-at-home-barack-obama-comes-under-fire-for-a-lack-of-foreign-experience-2qjm86d9l2n |work = Sunday Times (UK) |access-date = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with [[Mahmoud Abbas]] before Abbas became [[President of the Palestinian National Authority]], and gave a speech at the [[University of Nairobi]] in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.<ref name="Kenyan" />
Obama [[resignation from the United States Senate|resigned his Senate seat]] on November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.<ref name="transition period" />
==Presidential campaigns==
===2008===
{{Main|2008 United States presidential election|Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign|Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign}}
[[File:Flickr Obama Springfield 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph|Obama on stage with wife and daughters just before announcing presidential candidacy in [[Springfield, Illinois]], February 10, 2007]]
[[File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Electoral map of the 2008 U.S. presidential election|2008 electoral vote results. Obama won 365–173.]]
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the [[United States]] in front of the [[Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)|Old State Capitol]] building in [[Springfield, Illinois]].<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210">{{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Rick |last2=Long |first2=Ray |date=February 10, 2007 |title=Obama: I'm running for president |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story |access-date=September 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813115846/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story%2C0%2C3768114.story |archive-date=August 13, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC20070210">{{cite news |date=February 10, 2007 |title=Obama Launches Presidential Bid |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm |url-status=live |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202060802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm |archive-date=February 2, 2008}}</ref> The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where [[Abraham Lincoln]] delivered his historic [[Lincoln's House Divided Speech|"House Divided"]] speech in 1858.<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210" /><ref name="ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210">{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html |url-status=dead |access-date=June 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195905/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html |archive-date = May 11, 2011 |title = Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy |last=Parsons |first=Christi |date=February 10, 2007 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune }}</ref> Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the [[Iraq War]], increasing [[Energy policy of the United States|energy independence]], and [[Health care reform in the United States|reforming the health care system]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected? |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/#top-priorities |url-status=dead |access-date=April 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140350/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/ |archive-date=May 9, 2008}} See also:
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Evan |author-link=Evan Thomas |year=2009 |title=A Long Time Coming |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/alongtimecominge00thom |url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-58648-607-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alongtimecominge00thom/page/74 74]}}
* {{cite news |last=Falcone |first=Michael |date=December 21, 2007 |title=Obama's 'One Thing' |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/ |access-date=April 14, 2008 }}</ref> in a campaign that projected themes of hope and change.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 1, 2008 |title=The Obama promise of hope and change |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515091856/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html |archive-date=May 15, 2011}}</ref>
Numerous candidates entered the [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic Party presidential primaries]]. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged [[Delegate (American politics)|delegates]] due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in [[caucus]] states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<ref name="allocation" />
On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his election. On all previous occasions the defeated candidate had immediately conceded and endorsed the winner. Clinton however refused to do so. On June 6, 2008, Obama unexpectedly flew to a meeting of AIPAC (The American Israel Public Action Committee) where he made a wildly applauded speech in which he declared that "Jerusalem will remain the capital of Israel, and it must remain undivided", contrary to his previous views about the Palestinian issue.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Brownfeld |first=Allan C. |date=July 29, 2009 |title=AIPAC's Role in the 2008 Election Coming Under Increasingly Critical Scrutiny |magazine=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]] |url=https://www.wrmea.org/008-september-october/aipacs-role-in-the-2008-election-coming-under-increasingly-critical-scrutiny.html}}</ref> This opened the door to additional Jewish funding for his presidential campaign. On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagourney |first1=Adam |first2=Jeff |last2=Zeleny |date=June 5, 2008 |title=Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=November 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605014013/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref>
On August 23, 2008, Obama announced his [[2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|selection]] of [[Delaware]] Senator [[Joe Biden]] as his vice presidential running mate.<ref name=nagourney>{{cite news |last1=Nagourney |first1=Adam |first2=Jeff |last2=Zeleny |date=August 23, 2008 |title=Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222653/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html |archive-date=April 1, 2009}}</ref> Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator [[Evan Bayh]] and Virginia Governor [[Tim Kaine]].<ref name=nagourney /> At the [[2008 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in [[Denver]], Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and [[Bill Clinton]] gave convention speeches in his support.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baldwin |first=Tom |date=August 27, 2008 |title=Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate' |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hillary-clinton-barack-is-my-candidate-50w3d5n7wm9 |access-date=December 15, 2021 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nagourney |first=Adam |date=August 28, 2008 |title=Obama Wins Nomination; Biden and Bill Clinton Rally Party |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=December 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827212341/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html |archive-date=August 27, 2008 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Obama delivered his acceptance speech at [[Invesco Field at Mile High]] stadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.<ref name="npr1409">{{cite news |last1=Liasson |first1=Mara |last2=Norris |first2=Michele |date=July 7, 2008 |title=Obama To Accept Nomination at Mile High Stadium |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409 |access-date=December 22, 2010}}</ref><ref name="acceptance" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Lloyd |first=Robert |date=August 29, 2008 |title=Barack Obama, Al Gore Raise the Roof at Invesco Field |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-na-tvcritic29-2008aug29,0,3593116.story |access-date=August 29, 2008}}</ref>
During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.<ref name="small donations" /> On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down [[Campaign finance in the United States#Public financing of campaigns|public financing]] in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<ref name="Bloomberg_Salant_20080619">{{cite news |last=Salant |first=Jonathan D. |date=June 19, 2008 |title=Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://article.wn.com/view/2008/06/19/Obama_Wont_Accept_Public_Money_in_Election_Campaign/ |access-date=June 19, 2008}}</ref>
[[John McCain]] was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected [[Sarah Palin]] as his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in three [[United States presidential election debates|presidential debates]] in September and October 2008.<ref name="presidential debates" /> On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]] to 173 received by McCain.<ref name="electoral votes" /> Obama won 52.9 percent of the [[Election|popular vote]] to McCain's 45.7 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/us/general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html |title = General Election: McCain vs. Obama |access-date = February 20, 2009 |publisher = Real Clear Politics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217083055/http://www.realclearpolitics.com//epolls//2008//president//us//general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html |archive-date = February 17, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> He became the first African-American to be elected president.<ref name="FirstBlackPrez">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm |title = Obama wins historic US election |publisher = BBC News |date = November 5, 2008 |access-date = November 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm |archive-date = December 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |access-date = November 5, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html |title = Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls |first = Adam |last = Nagourney |date = November 4, 2008 |work = The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209071842/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html |archive-date = December 9, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |access-date = November 5, 2008 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |title = Obama: 'This is your victory' |publisher = CNN |date = November 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104231227/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |archive-date = November 4, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Obama delivered [[Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008|his victory speech]] before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]].<ref name="independent1">{{cite news |access-date = November 5, 2008 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html |title = Change has come, says President-elect Obama |work = The Independent |location = London |date = November 5, 2008 |last = Johnson |first = Wesley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209055411/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html |archive-date = December 9, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others are [[Warren G. Harding]] and [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Senate: Senators Who Became President|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_became_president.htm|access-date=August 27, 2021|website=senate.gov}}</ref>
===2012===
{{Main|2012 United States presidential election|Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Electoral map of the 2012 U.S. presidential election|2012 electoral vote results. Obama won 332–206.]]
On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with the [[Federal Election Commission]] and then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/ |date = April 4, 2011 |first = Michael D. |last = Shear |work = The New York Times (blog) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405205656/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/ |archive-date = April 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama announces re-election bid |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief |date = April 4, 2011 |work = [[United Press International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011832/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief |archive-date = May 10, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Opens 2012 Campaign, With Eye on Money and Independent Voters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html |date = April 4, 2011 |first1 = Jeff |last1 = Zeleny |work = The New York Times |first2 = Jackie |last2 = Calmes |name-list-style = amp |access-date = April 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115021431/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html|archive-date=November 15, 2012 }}</ref> As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012|Democratic Party presidential primaries]],<ref name="CNN-clinch1">{{cite news |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/leading-presidential-candidate-to-clinch-nomination-tuesday/ |title = Leading presidential candidate to clinch nomination Tuesday |publisher = CNN (blog) |last = Yoon |first = Robert |date = April 3, 2012 |access-date = May 2, 2012 }}</ref> and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778 [[2012 Democratic National Convention|convention]] delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.<ref name="CNN-clinch2">{{cite news |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/breaking-obama-clinches-democratic-nomination/ |title = Obama clinches Democratic nomination |publisher = CNN (blog) |date = April 3, 2012 |access-date = April 3, 2012 }}</ref>
At the [[2012 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], Obama and [[Joe Biden]] were formally nominated by former President [[Bill Clinton]] as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans [[Mitt Romney]], the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative [[Paul Ryan]] of Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite news |last = Cohen |first = Tom |title = Clinton says Obama offers a better path forward for America |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/05/politics/democratic-convention-wrap/index.html |publisher = CNN |date = September 6, 2012 |access-date = July 5, 2015 }}</ref>
On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]], exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lauter |first=David |title=Romney campaign gives up in Florida |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108,0,415187.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020204/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108%2C0%2C415187.story |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=November 8, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Barnes |first = Robert |title = Obama wins a second term as U.S. president |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = November 6, 2012 |access-date = July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1 = Welch |first1 = William M. |last2 = Strauss |first2 = Gary |title = With win in critical battleground states, Obama wins second term |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2012/11/06/election-day-obama-romney/1680933/ |newspaper = USA Today |date = November 7, 2012 |access-date = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,<ref name="FEC">{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2012/federalelections2012.pdf |title = Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives |publisher = [[Federal Elections Commission]] |author = FEC |date = July 2013 |access-date = August 20, 2013 |page = 5 }}</ref> Obama became the first Democratic president since [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to win the [[List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|majority of the popular vote]] twice.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brownstein |first=Ronald |title=The U.S. has reached a demographic milestone—and it's not turning back |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109 |work=[[National Journal]] |date=November 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231854/http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109 |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/171178/obama-has-great-big-mandate-and-he-must-use-it |title = Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate |last = Nichols |first = John |date = November 9, 2012 |work = The Nation |access-date = November 18, 2012 }}</ref> Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's [[McCormick Place]] after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Kristen A.|title=Election 2012: President Obama gives victory speech in front of thousands in Chicago, 'I have never been more hopeful about America{{'-}}|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-victory-speech-hopeful-america-article-1.1197895|access-date=November 8, 2012|newspaper=Daily News|location=New York|date=November 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="NYT20130121">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/us/politics/obama-inauguration-draws-hundreds-of-thousands.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121151143/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/us/politics/obama-inauguration-draws-hundreds-of-thousands.html |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obama Offers Liberal Vision: 'We Must Act{{'-}}|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Shear|date=January 21, 2013|access-date=July 10, 2013}}</ref>
==Presidency (2009–2017)==
[[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|First official portrait of Barack Obama as President of the United States, 2009]]
{{Main|Presidency of Barack Obama}}
{{for timeline|Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency}}
===First 100 days===
{{Main|First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency}}
[[File:US President Barack Obama taking his Oath of Office - 2009Jan20.jpg|thumb|Obama takes [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|the oath of office]] administered by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Roberts|John G. Roberts Jr.]] at [[United States Capitol|the Capitol]], January 20, 2009|alt=Photograph]]
The [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inauguration of Barack Obama]] as the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued [[executive order]]s and [[Presidential memorandum|presidential memoranda]] directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown |date=January 23, 2009 |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2009/01/22/Obama-asks-Pentagon-for-responsible-Iraq-drawdown/stories/200901220423 |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |first1=Anne |last1=Gearan |first2=Lolita C. |last2=Baldor |agency=Associated Press |access-date=February 23, 2020 }}</ref> He ordered the closing of the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html |title = Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo |last = Glaberson |first = William |date = January 21, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = February 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015909/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html|archive-date=April 16, 2009 }}</ref> but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds<ref>{{cite news |title = Senate blocks transfer of Gitmo detainees |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/30826649 |date=May 20, 2009 |work = [[NBC News]] |agency = Associated Press |mode = cs2 |access-date = March 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Memorandum—Closure of Detention Facilities at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/presidential-memorandum-closure-dentention-facilities-guantanamo-bay-naval-base |date=December 15, 2009 |first=Barack |last=Obama |mode = cs2 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date = March 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Obama signs Defense authorization bill |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/congress/2011/01/obama-signs-defense-authorization-bill/ |date = January 7, 2011 |first = Jared |last = Serbu |publisher = [[Federal News Radio]] |mode = cs2 |access-date = March 22, 2011 }}</ref> and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/01/23/169922171/obamas-promise-to-close-guantanamo-prison-falls-short |title = Obama's Promise To Close Guantanamo Prison Falls Short |last = Northam |first = Jackie |date = January 23, 2013 |access-date = April 22, 2013 |publisher = [[NPR]] }}</ref> Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/ |title=Executive Order—Presidential Records |access-date=January 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122234307/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/ |archive-date=January 22, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also revoked President [[George W. Bush]]'s restoration of President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s [[Mexico City policy]] which prohibited federal aid to international [[family planning]] organizations that perform or provide counseling about [[abortion]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Obama |first = Barack |date = January 23, 2009 |title = Mexico City Policy and assistance for voluntary population planning (Presidential memorandum) |publisher = The White House |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title3-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title3-vol1-other-id197.pdf |access-date = September 21, 2012}}
* {{cite news |last = Meckler |first = Laura |date = January 24, 2009 |title = Obama lifts 'gag rule' on family-planning groups |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |page = A3 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123272364299610287 |access-date = September 21, 2012 }}
* {{cite news |last1 = Stein |first1 = Rob |last2 = Shear |first2 = Michael |date = January 24, 2009 |title = Funding restored to groups that perform abortions, other care |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/23/AR2009012302814.html |access-date = September 21, 2012 |quote = Lifting the Mexico City Policy would not permit U.S. tax dollars to be used for abortions, but it would allow funding to resume to groups that provide other services, including counseling about abortions. }}</ref>
===Domestic policy===
{{See also|Social policy of the Barack Obama administration}}
The first bill signed into law by Obama was the [[Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009]], relaxing the [[statute of limitations]] for equal-pay lawsuits.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation |work = The New York Times |first=Sheryl Gay|last=Stolberg|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/us/politics/30ledbetter-web.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130125449/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/us/politics/30ledbetter-web.html |archive-date=January 30, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date = June 15, 2009 |date = January 30, 2009 }}</ref> Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]] to cover an additional four million uninsured children.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obama signs into law expansion of SCHIP health care program for children |work=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05,0,30310.story |access-date=June 15, 2009 |first=Noam N. |last=Levey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430194400/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05%2C0%2C30310.story |archive-date=April 30, 2009 |url-status=dead |date=February 5, 2009 }}</ref> In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of [[embryonic stem cell]] research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html |title = Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells |publisher = CNN |date = March 9, 2009 |access-date = April 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330183125/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html |archive-date = March 30, 2010 }}</ref>
[[File:Barack Obama addresses joint session of Congress 2009-02-24.jpg|thumb|left|Obama delivers a [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009|speech at joint session of Congress]] with Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] on February 24, 2009.]]
Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominated [[Sonia Sotomayor]] on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[David Souter]]; she was confirmed on August 6, 2009,<ref>{{cite news |title = Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/06/sonia.sotomayor/ |first1=Lisa |last1=Desjardins |first2=Kristi |last2=Keck |first3=Bill |last3=Mears |date = August 6, 2009 |publisher = CNN |access-date = August 6, 2009 }}</ref> becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of [[Hispanic]] descent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/26/supreme.court/index.html |first1=Peter |last1=Hamby |first2=Ed |last2=Henry |first3=Suzanne |last3=Malveaux |first4=Bill |last4=Mears |title = Obama nominates Sotomayor to Supreme Court |access-date = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> Obama nominated [[Elena Kagan]] on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theledger.com/article/LK/20101004/News/608110519/LL/ |title = New Era Begins on High Court: Kagan Takes Place as Third Woman |last = Sherman |first = Mark |date = October 4, 2010 |agency = Associated Press |access-date = November 13, 2010 |archive-date = October 10, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074850/http://www.theledger.com/article/LK/20101004/News/608110519/LL/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>
On March 11, 2009, Obama created the [[White House Council on Women and Girls]], which formed part of the [[White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs|Office of Intergovernmental Affairs]], having been established by {{Executive Order|13506}} with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<ref name="Executive">''Executive Order 13506'', Washington, DC: President Barack Obama, The White House, March 11, 2009, Obama, B. Retrieved January 27, 2014.</ref> The council was chaired by [[Senior Advisor to the President]] [[Valerie Jarrett]].<ref name="Sexualassault">{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/01/22/renewed-call-action-end-rape-and-sexual-assault |title = A renewed call to action to end rape and sexual assault |first=Valerie |last=Jarrett |access-date = September 13, 2014 |via= [[NARA|National Archives]] |work= [[whitehouse.gov]] |date = January 23, 2014 }}</ref> Obama also established the [[White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault]] through a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States.<ref name="Sexualassault" /><ref name="Memo">{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/22/memorandum-establishing-white-house-task-force-protect-students-sexual-a |title = Memorandum: Establishing White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault |access-date = September 13, 2014 |via= [[NARA|National Archives]] |work= [[whitehouse.gov]] |date = January 22, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Freedom">{{cite news |url = https://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/obama-we-have-power-end-sexual-assaults |title = Obama admin: Freedom from sexual assault a basic human right |publisher = MSNBC |access-date = September 13, 2014 |date = January 22, 2014 |archive-date = January 25, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140125031015/http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/obama-we-have-power-end-sexual-assaults |url-status = dead }}</ref> The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett.<ref name="Memo" /> The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and [[Office of the Vice President of the United States]], and prior to that the 1994 [[Violence Against Women Act]] first drafted by Biden.<ref name="Report">{{cite web |url=http://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/research/201401_WhiteHouse_CouncilonWomenandGirls_RapeandSexualAssault.pdf |title=Rape and sexual assault: A renewed call to action |work=White House Council on Women and Girls |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=White House Council on Women and Girls & Office of the Vice President |date=January 2014 |access-date=June 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402015447/http://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/research/201401_WhiteHouse_CouncilonWomenandGirls_RapeandSexualAssault.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2014|url-status=dead }}</ref>
In a [[Space policy of the Barack Obama administration|major space policy speech]] in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at [[NASA]], the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of [[human spaceflight]] to the moon and development of the [[Ares I]] rocket, [[Ares V]] rocket and [[Constellation program]], in favor of funding [[Earth science]] projects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Robert |last1=Block |first2=Mark K. |last2=Matthews |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jan-27-la-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27-story.html |title = White House won't fund NASA moon program |quote = President Obama's budget proposal includes no money for the Ares I and Ares V rocket or Constellation program. Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket |date = January 27, 2010 |work = Los Angeles Times |access-date = January 30, 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Barack Obama visiting victims of 2012 Aurora shooting.jpg|thumb|Obama visits an [[2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting|Aurora shooting]] victim at [[University of Colorado Hospital]], 2012.]]
On January 16, 2013, one month after the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21049942 |publisher = BBC News |title = US gun debate: Obama unveils gun control proposals |first = Mark |last = Mardell |date = January 16, 2013 |access-date = January 16, 2013 }}</ref> He urged Congress to reintroduce an [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban|expired ban]] on military-style [[assault weapons]], such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] for the first time since 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title = What's in Obama's Gun Control Proposal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/16/us/obama-gun-control-proposal.html |work = The New York Times |date = January 16, 2013 |access-date = February 12, 2013 }}</ref> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/05/politics/obama-gun-control-executive-action/ |title=Obama announces gun control executive action (full transcript) |work=CNN|date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=January 7, 2016 }}</ref> In a 2016 editorial in ''The New York Times'', Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to [[women's suffrage]] and other [[civil rights movements]] in American history.<ref>{{cite news |last=Obama |first=Barack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/opinion/president-barack-obama-guns-are-our-shared-responsibility.html |title=Barack Obama: Guns Are Our Shared Responsibility |work=The New York Times |date=January 7, 2016 |access-date=January 7, 2016 }}</ref>
In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/43180202/ns/us_news-security/t/obama-europe-signs-patriot-act-extension/ |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Obama, in Europe, signs Patriot Act extension | date=May 27, 2011|access-date= August 8, 2019}}</ref> Following the [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|2013 global surveillance disclosures]] by [[whistleblower]] [[Edward Snowden]], Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,<ref name="CNN-Snowden">{{cite news |work=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/12/politics/obama-snowden-whistleblower | title=Fact-checking Obama's claims about Snowden | date=August 13, 2013 | access-date=August 8, 2019 |last=Wolf |first=Z. Byron}}</ref> but called for increased restrictions on the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) to address violations of privacy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-security-obama-idUSL1N0MS1QW20140403?type=companyNews| title=Obama's NSA overhaul may require phone carriers to store more data| date=April 3, 2014 | work=Reuters | access-date=August 8, 2019 | author=Hosenball, Mark}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=January 17, 2014 |title=Obama to overhaul NSA's bulk storage of Americans' telephone data |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/17/obama-end-nsa-bulk-storage-telephone-metadata |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=August 12, 2019 }}</ref> Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Roth |first=Kenneth |date=2017-01-09 |title=Barack Obama's Shaky Legacy on Human Rights |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/09/barack-obamas-shaky-legacy-human-rights |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to the [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court|Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] (FISC).<ref name=":0" />
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====LGBT rights and same-sex marriage====
On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], a measure that expanded the [[Hate crime laws in the United States#Federal prosecution of hate crimes|1969 United States federal hate-crime law]] to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/28/hate.crimes/ |title=Obama signs hate crimes bill into law |work=CNN|date=October 28, 2009 |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with [[HIV]]. The lifting of the ban was celebrated by [[Immigration Equality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Preston |first=Julia |date=October 30, 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/31/us/politics/31travel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407213122/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/31/us/politics/31travel.html |archive-date=April 7, 2010 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Obama Lifts a Ban on Entry Into U.S. by H.I.V.-Positive People |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 8, 2017 }}</ref> On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]], which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell |title = 'Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = December 22, 2010 |access-date = June 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223060037/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell |archive-date = December 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Sheryl Gay Stolberg|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/us/politics/23military.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512170430/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/us/politics/23military.html |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obama Signs Away 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'|date=December 23, 2010|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> to end the [[don't ask, don't tell]] policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the [[United States Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Jesse |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one |title=The President Signs Repeal of "Don't Ask Don't Tell": "Out of Many, We Are One" |access-date = December 22, 2010|via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |date = December 22, 2010 }}</ref> In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barred [[Transgender personnel in the United States military|transgender people from serving openly in the military]].<ref name=TransBan1>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/30/us-military-ends-ban-transgender-service-members |first1=Molly |last1=Redden |first2=Amanda |last2=Holpuch |title=US military ends ban on transgender service members|work=The Guardian|date=June 30, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Celebrating a new America -lovewins 58242 (18588276403).jpg|thumb|The [[White House]] was illuminated in rainbow colors on the evening of the Supreme Court [[Obergefell v. Hodges|same-sex marriage ruling]], June 26, 2015.]]
As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizing [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="WCT0114">{{cite news |last = Baim |first = Tracy |title = Windy City Times exclusive: Obama's Marriage Views Changed. WCT Examines His Step Back |url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Windy-City-Times-exclusive-Obamas-Marriage-Views-Changed-WCT-Examines-His-Step-Back/20524.html |access-date = May 10, 2012 |newspaper = [[Windy City Times]] |date = January 14, 2009 }}</ref> During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.<ref name="WCT0204">{{cite news |last = Baim |first = Tracy |title = Obama Seeks U.S. Senate seat |url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=3931 |access-date = May 10, 2012 |newspaper = [[Windy City Times]] |date = February 4, 2004 }}</ref> In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2012/may/11/barack-obama/president-barack-obamas-shift-gay-marriage/|title=President Barack Obama's shifting stance on gay marriage|work=PolitiFact|access-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref> On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/ |first=Corbett |last=Daly |title=Obama backs same-sex marriage |work=[[CBS News]] |date=May 9, 2012 |access-date = May 9, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html |title = Obama Backs Gay Marriage |last = Stein |first = Sam |date = May 9, 2012 |work = The Huffington Post |access-date = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> During his second [[Second inauguration of Barack Obama|inaugural address]] on January 21, 2013,<ref name="NYT20130121" /> Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mention [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]] or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.<ref>{{cite news |last = Robillard |first = Kevin |title = First inaugural use of the word 'gay' |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/first-inaugural-use-of-the-word-gay-086499 |access-date = January 21, 2013 |work = Politico |date = January 21, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Inauguration Speech Makes History With Mention of Gay Rights Struggle, Stonewall Uprising |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/21/obama-inauguration-speech-stonewall-gays_n_2520962.html |work = The Huffington Post |access-date = January 21, 2013 |first = Noah |last = Michelson |date = January 21, 2013 }}</ref> In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' (regarding [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]])<ref name="huffpo-amicus">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/28/obama-gay-marriage_n_2783912.html |title = Obama Administration: Gay Marriage Ban Unconstitutional In Prop. 8 Supreme Court Case |last = Reilly |first = Ryan J. |date = February 28, 2013 |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |access-date = April 21, 2013 }}</ref> and ''[[United States v. Windsor]]'' (regarding the [[Defense of Marriage Act]]).<ref name="cnn-amicus">{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/22/politics/supreme-court-marriage |title=Obama administration weighs in on defense of marriage law |last = Mears |first = Bill |date = February 27, 2013 |publisher = CNN |access-date = April 21, 2013 }}</ref>
====Economic policy====
{{Main|Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration}}
[[File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv|thumbtime=1:3|thumb|Obama presents his first [[commons:Obama Administration weekly video addresses|weekly address]] as president of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]|alt=Photograph]]
On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], a $787{{nbs}}billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|787|2009}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}) [[stimulus (economics)|economic stimulus]] package aimed at helping the economy recover from the [[Great Recession|deepening worldwide recession]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html |title = Stimulus package en route to Obama's desk |access-date = March 29, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330094958/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html |archive-date = March 30, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and [[tax incentive|incentives]], and direct assistance to individuals.<ref name="direct assistance" /> In March 2009, Obama's [[Treasury Secretary]], [[Timothy Geithner]], took further steps to manage the [[financial crisis of 2007–08|financial crisis]], including introducing the [[Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets]], which contains provisions for buying up to $2{{nbs}}trillion in depreciated real estate assets.<ref name="markets opened" />
[[File:U.S. Total Deficits vs. National Debt Increases 2001-2010.png|thumb|[[United States federal budget|Deficit]] and [[National debt of the United States|debt]] increases, 2001–2016]]
Obama intervened in the [[automotive industry crisis of 2008–10|troubled automotive industry]]<ref>{{cite news|title=White House questions viability of GM, Chrysler |date=March 30, 2009 |work=The Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407010806/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html |archive-date=April 7, 2009 }}</ref> in March 2009, renewing loans for [[General Motors]] (GM) and [[Chrysler]] to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the [[Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization|sale of Chrysler]] to Italian automaker [[Fiat]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Chrysler and Union Agree to Deal Before Federal Deadline |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/business/27chrysler.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428062100/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/business/27chrysler.html |archive-date=April 28, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work = The New York Times |first1 = Nick |last1 = Bunkley |first2 = Bill |last2 = Vlasic |date = April 27, 2009 |access-date = April 12, 2010 }}</ref> and a [[General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization|reorganization of GM]] giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=GM Begins Bankruptcy Process With Filing for Affiliate |first1=John |last1=Hughes |first2=Caroline |last2=Salas |first3=Jeff |last3=Green |first4=Bob |last4=Van Voris |url=http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aw4F_L7E4xYg |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=June 1, 2009 |access-date=July 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087 |archive-date=June 13, 2010 }}</ref> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<ref name="Christopher Conkey and Louise Radnofsky">{{cite news |title = Obama Presses Cabinet to Speed Stimulus Spending |date = June 9, 2009 |work = The Wall Street Journal |publisher = News Corp |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124445867883193821 |first1 = Christopher |last1 = Conkey |first2 = Louise |last2 = Radnofsky |access-date = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> He signed into law the [[Car Allowance Rebate System]], known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", which temporarily boosted the economy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/20/AR2009082002699.html |title = U.S. Says 'Cash for Clunkers' Program Will End on Monday |last = Hedgpeth |first = Dana |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = August 21, 2009 |access-date = March 26, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918692,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828040214/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918692,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= August 28, 2009 |title = Was Cash for Clunkers a Success? |last = Szczesny |first = Joseph R. |magazine = Time |date = August 26, 2009 |access-date = March 26, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Mian |first1 = Atif R. |first2 = Amir |last2 = Sufi |s2cid = 219352572 |title = The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from the 2009 'Cash for Clunkers' Program |date = September 1, 2010 |ssrn = 1670759 |doi = 10.2139/ssrn.1670759 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1107–1142}}</ref>
The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] and the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]]. These guarantees totaled about $11.5{{nbs}}trillion, but only $3{{nbs}}trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title = CNNMoney.com's bailout tracker |work=CNNMoney |page = 20 |volume = 06 |url=https://money.cnn.com/news/storysupplement/economy/bailouttracker/ |access-date = March 26, 2010 |last = Goldman |first = David |date = April 6, 2009 }}</ref> On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan [[Budget Control Act of 2011]]. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5{{nbs}}trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2{{nbs}}trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.<ref>{{cite web |last = Stein |first = Sylvie |url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114001916/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation |archive-date = January 14, 2012 |title = First Read—A breakdown of the debt-limit legislation |publisher = MSNBC |access-date = August 3, 2011 }}</ref> By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] [[Default (finance)|default]] on its obligations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/43967924 |title = House passes debt ceiling bill |work = NBC News |date = March 8, 2011 |access-date = August 3, 2011 }}</ref>
The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<ref name="Theodossiou">{{cite journal |last1 = Theodossiou |first1 = Eleni |last2 = Hipple |first2 = Steven F. |year = 2011 |title = Unemployment Remains High in 2010 |journal = Monthly Labor Review |volume = 134 |issue = 3 |pages = 3–22 |url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf |access-date = April 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508050328/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf |archive-date = May 8, 2011 }}</ref> Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.<ref name="Eddlemon">{{cite journal |last1 = Eddlemon |first1 = John P. |year = 2011 |title = Payroll Employment Turns the Corner in 2010 |journal = Monthly Labor Review |volume = 134 |issue = 3 |pages = 23–32 |url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf |access-date = April 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506195757/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf |archive-date = May 6, 2011 }}</ref> By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |access-date = December 11, 2012 }}</ref> decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |access-date = January 10, 2014 }}</ref> During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |access-date = June 6, 2014 }}</ref> GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.<ref name="BEA1">{{cite web |url=http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |title = Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Quarterly) |website = National Income and Product Accounts Table |publisher = [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] |access-date = April 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014536/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |archive-date = May 12, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<ref name="BEA1" /> In July 2010, the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman [[Ben Bernanke]] said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".<ref>{{cite news |last = Harding |first = Robin |title = Beige Book survey reports signs of slowdown |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html |work = [[Financial Times]] |access-date = July 29, 2010 |date = July 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729184009/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html|archive-date=July 29, 2010 }}</ref> Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |title = Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Annual) |website = National Income and Product Accounts Table |publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis |access-date = April 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014513/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |archive-date = May 12, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:US Employment Statistics.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|US employment statistics ([[unemployment rate]] and monthly changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. president<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |access-date=September 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001?output_view=net_1mth |title = 1-month net change in employment |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |access-date=September 12, 2018}}</ref>]]
The [[Congressional Budget Office]] (CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<ref name="estimated" /><ref name="newc" /> The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1{{nbs}}million,<ref name="newc">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html |title = New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step |work = The New York Times |date = November 20, 2009 |access-date = December 21, 2010 |first1 = Jackie |last1 = Calmes |first2 = Michael |last2 = Cooper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230904/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html|archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/83253-cbo-stimulus-created-as-many-as-21-million-jobs |title = CBO: Stimulus created as many as 2.1 million jobs |date = February 23, 2010 |access-date = April 25, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/opinion/02krugman.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105001423/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/opinion/02krugman.html |archive-date=November 5, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title = Too Little of a Good Thing |work = The New York Times |date = November 2, 2009 |access-date = December 22, 2010 |first = Paul |last = Krugman }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Isidore |first = Chris |url=https://money.cnn.com/2010/01/29/news/economy/gdp/index.htm |title = Best economic growth in six years |publisher = CNN |date = January 29, 2010 |access-date = April 18, 2010 }}</ref> while conceding that "it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<ref name="estimated">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbo.gov/publication/42715 |title = Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output |date = November 22, 2011 |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |access-date = February 21, 2012 }}</ref> Although an April 2010, survey of members of the [[National Association for Business Economics]] showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html |title=New NABE Survey Shows Business Recovery Gaining Momentum, with More Jobs Ahead |access-date=April 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502053859/http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html |archive-date=May 2, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original [[NATO]] members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web |work=Politics that Work |url=http://politicsthatwork.com/graphs/gdp-growth-vs-nato-president |title=U.S. GDP Growth Relative to Original NATO Members |date=March 9, 2015 }}</ref> The [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union.<ref>{{cite news |first=Irene |last=Chapple |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/29/business/oecd-u-s-europe-economic-recovery/ |title=OECD: U.S. will recover faster, Europe faces unemployment crisis |work=CNN|date=May 29, 2013 }}</ref>
Within a month of the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the [[Bush tax cuts|2001 and 2003 income tax rates]], a one-year [[Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax|payroll tax]] reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for [[Estate tax in the United States|estate taxes]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08cong.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209044154/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08cong.html |archive-date=December 9, 2010 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title = Democrats Skeptical of Obama on New Tax Plan |last1 = Herszenhorn |first1 = David M. |last2 = Stolberg |first2 = Sheryl Gay |newspaper = The New York Times |date = December 7, 2010 }}</ref> The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858{{nbs}}billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|.858|2010|r=1}} trillion in {{Inflation/year|US}}) [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]] passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/17/tax.deal/index.html |title = Obama signs tax deal into law |publisher = CNN |date = December 17, 2010 |access-date = December 17, 2010 }}</ref>
In December 2013, Obama declared that growing [[Income inequality in the United States|income inequality]] is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the [[Fast food worker strikes|nationwide strikes of fast-food workers]] and [[Pope Francis]]' criticism of inequality and [[trickle-down economics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/obama-income-inequality-defining-challenge-164430631.html |title = Obama: Income Inequality a Defining Challenge |first = Jim |last = Kuhnhenn |agency = Associated Press |date = December 4, 2013 |access-date = January 9, 2014 }}</ref> Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-obama-makes-trade-deal-a-top-priority-in-remaining-months/ |title=President Obama uses his final months to bring congressional approval of a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership |date=September 5, 2016 |work=CBS News |access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref>
====Environmental policy====
{{See also|Climate change policy of the United States|Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration}}
[[File:Obama-venice-la.jpg|thumb|Obama at a 2010 briefing on the [[BP oil spill]] at the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] Station Venice in [[Venice, Louisiana]]]]
On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore [[drilling rig]] at the [[Macondo Prospect]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], causing a [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|major sustained oil leak]]. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Ken Salazar]] and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new [[deepwater drilling]] permits and leases, pending regulatory review.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Halts Drilling Projects, Defends Actions |publisher = NPR |date = May 27, 2010 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127205462&ps=rs }}</ref> As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |first = Patrik |last = Jonsson |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test |title = Gulf oil spill: Obama's big political test |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date = May 29, 2010 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601094118/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test |archive-date = June 1, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the [[East Coast of the United States]] and along the coast of [[Arctic Alaska|northern Alaska]] in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Neuman|first=Scott|date=March 31, 2010|title=Obama Ends Ban On East Coast Offshore Drilling|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125378223|access-date=October 30, 2021}}</ref>
In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the [[Keystone XL pipeline]] if it increased carbon pollution [or] greenhouse emissions."<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldenberg |first=Suzanne |date=July 28, 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/28/obama-reservations-keystone-pipeline-project |title=Barack Obama expresses reservations about Keystone XL pipeline project |work=The Guardian |location=London }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stein |first=Sam |date=June 25, 2013 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obama-keystone_n_3497292 |title=Obama: Keystone XL Should Not Be Approved If It Will Increase Greenhouse Gas Emissions |work=The Huffington Post }}</ref> On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay |title=Obama Vetoes Keystone XL Pipeline Bill |date = February 24, 2015 |access-date = February 24, 2015 |publisher=NPR |first=Krishnadev |last=Calamur }}</ref> It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/234615-senate-fails-to-override-obama-keystone-veto |title = Keystone veto override fails |date = March 4, 2015 |first = Laura |last = Barron-Lopez |website = [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |publisher = Capitol Hill Publishing |access-date = July 2, 2015 }}</ref>
In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Arctic Ocean]]s using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 21, 2016|title=Obama bans oil drilling 'permanently' in millions of acres of ocean|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38387525|access-date=October 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=December 20, 2016|title=This article is more than 4 years old Barack Obama bans oil and gas drilling in most of Arctic and Atlantic oceans|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/20/barack-obama-bans-oil-gas-drilling-arctic-atlantic|access-date=October 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Volcovici|first1=Valerie|last2=Gardner|first2=Timothy|date=December 20, 2016|title=Obama bans new oil, gas drilling off Alaska, part of Atlantic coast|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obama-drilling-idUSKBN1492KU|access-date=October 30, 2021}}</ref>
Obama emphasized the [[Conservation movement|conservation]] of [[federal lands]] during his term in office. He used his power under the [[Antiquities Act]] to create 25 new [[National monument (United States)|national monuments]] during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of {{convert|553000000|acre|ha}} of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<ref name="Monuments">{{cite news |first1=Juliet |last1=Eilperin |first2=Brady |last2=Dennis |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/with-new-monuments-in-nevada-utah-obama-adds-to-his-environmental-legacy/2016/12/28/e9833f62-c471-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html |title=With new monuments in Nevada, Utah, Obama adds to his environmental legacy |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 28, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/monuments-man.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101053919/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/monuments-man.html |archive-date=January 1, 2017 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Monuments Man |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 31, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/29/507436648/obama-s-newly-designated-national-monuments-upset-some-lawmakers-and-constituent |title=Obama's Newly Designated National Monuments Upset Some Lawmakers |publisher=NPR |work=[[All Things Considered]] |date=December 29, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Amy R. |last=Connolly |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2016/02/13/Obama-expands-public-lands-more-than-any-US-president/1161455298784/ |title=Obama expands public lands more than any U.S. president |work=[[United Press International]] |date=February 13, 2016 }}</ref>
====Health care reform====
{{Main|Healthcare reform in the United States}}
[[File:Obama signs health care-20100323.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph|Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010.]]
Obama called for [[United States Congress|Congress]] to pass legislation reforming [[health care in the United States]], a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<ref name="health reform" /> He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900{{nbs}}billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the [[public health insurance option|public option]], to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for [[pre-existing condition]]s, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912093912/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.html |archive-date=September 12, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title = Obama, Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary |last1 = Stolberg |first1 = Sheryl Gay |last2 = Zeleny |first2 = Jeff |date = September 9, 2009 |newspaper = The New York Times |access-date = July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Mike |last = Allen |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/26907.html |title = Barack Obama will hedge on public option |work = [[Politico]] |access-date = July 5, 2015 |date = September 9, 2009 }}</ref>
[[File:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and [[federal poverty level]], under [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], starting in 2014 (Source: [[Congressional Research Service|CRS]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41137.pdf |title = Health Insurance Premium Credits in the PPACA |publisher = Congressional Research Service |access-date = May 17, 2015 }}</ref>]]
On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<ref name="health reform">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/07/obama_july_22_2009_press_confe.html |title=Obama July 22, 2009 press conference. Transcript |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=July 22, 2009 |access-date=July 5, 2015 |first=Lynn |last=Sweet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416063154/http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/07/obama_july_22_2009_press_confe.html |archive-date=April 16, 2015 }}</ref> After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009|a speech to a joint session of Congress]] on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html |title = Obama calls for Congress to face health care challenge |date = September 9, 2009 |access-date = September 9, 2009 |publisher = CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910083332/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html |archive-date = September 10, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/10/obama-stem-cell-research |title = Stem cell |first = Daniel |last = Nasaw |newspaper = The Guardian |access-date = September 13, 2014 |date = March 10, 2009 }}</ref>
On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html |title = Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House |last1 = Hulse |first1 = Carl |first2 = Robert |last2 = Pear |date = November 7, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = November 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331033230/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html|archive-date=March 31, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html |title = Abortion Was at Heart of Wrangling |last1 = Herszenhorn |first1 = David M. |first2 = Jackie |last2 = Calmes |date = December 7, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = December 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331073732/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html|archive-date=March 31, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289 |title = Senate Says Yes To Landmark Health Bill |author = Hensley, Scott |date = December 24, 2009 |access-date = December 24, 2009 |publisher = [[NPR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121191700/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289 |archive-date = January 21, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 21, 2010, the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22mon5.html |title = Health Care Reform, at Last |newspaper = The New York Times |date = March 21, 2010 |access-date = March 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326095847/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22mon5.html |archive-date = March 26, 2010 }}</ref> Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html |title = Obama Signs Landmark Health Care Bill |date = March 23, 2010 |access-date = March 23, 2010 |newspaper = The New York Times |author = Gay Stolberg, Sheryl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325033529/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html |archive-date = March 25, 2010 }}</ref>
The ACA includes [[Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|health-related provisions]], most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding [[Medicaid]] eligibility for people making up to 133 percent{{nbs}}of the [[federal poverty level]] (FPL) starting in 2014,<ref name="cnn_ref1">{{cite news |last = Rice |first = Sabriya |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/25/health.care.law.basics/index.html |title = 5 key things to remember about health care reform |publisher = CNN |date = March 25, 2010 |access-date = January 6, 2013 }}</ref> subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent{{nbs}}of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,<ref name="whitehouse" /><ref>{{cite news |last = Grier |first = Peter |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0320/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-gets-subsidized-insurance |date = March 20, 2010 |title = Health Care Reform Bill 101 |newspaper = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing [[health insurance exchange]]s, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.<ref name="whitehouse">{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/health-care-meeting/proposal/whatsnew/affordability |work= [[whitehouse.gov]] |title = Policies to Improve Affordability and Accountability |via= [[NARA|National Archives]] |access-date = January 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="cbo_est">{{cite web |last = Elmendorf |first = Douglas W. |url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/107xx/doc10781/11-30-premiums.pdf |title = An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |date = November 30, 2009 |access-date = April 9, 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Percentage of Individuals in the United States Without Health Insurance, 1963-2015.png|thumb|Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]])<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Obama|first1=Barack|title=United States Health Care Reform|journal=JAMA|date=August 2, 2016|volume=316|issue=5|pages=525–532|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9797|pmid=27400401|issn=0098-7484|pmc=5069435}}</ref>]]
The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income [[tax bracket|brackets]], taxes on [[indoor tanning]], cuts to the [[Medicare Advantage]] program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Grier |first = Peter |date = March 21, 2010 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0321/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-will-pay-for-reform |title = Health care reform bill 101: Who will pay for reform? |journal = Christian Science Monitor |access-date = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance |title = Health care reform bill 101: Who must buy insurance? |last = Grier |first = Peter |date = March 19, 2010 |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date = April 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405075157/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance |archive-date = April 5, 2010 }}</ref> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143{{nbs}}billion over the first decade.<ref>{{cite web |last = Elmendorf |first = Douglas W. |title = H.R. 4872, Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Final Health Care Legislation) |date = March 20, 2010 |url=http://www.cbo.gov/publication/21351 |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |access-date = January 6, 2013 }}</ref>
The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]'' that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.<ref name="WP-uphold">{{cite news |first = Robert |last = Barnes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-to-rule-thursday-on-health-care-law/2012/06/28/gJQAarRm8V_story.html |title = Supreme Court upholds Obama health care overhaul by 5–4 vote, approving insurance requirement |date = June 28, 2012 |newspaper = The Washington Post |agency = Associated Press |access-date = June 29, 2012 }}</ref> In ''[[Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.|Burwell v. Hobby Lobby]]'' the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the [[Religious Freedom Restoration Act]] from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in ''[[King v. Burwell]]'' that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/25/supreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell |title=Supreme Court Upholds Obamacare Subsidies |first=Kimberly |last=Leonard |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=November 25, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116072123/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/25/supreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell |archive-date=January 16, 2016 }}</ref>
===Foreign policy===
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration}}
[[File:P06409PS-0571 (3594694537).jpg|June 4, 2009 − after his speech ''[[A New Beginning (speech)|A New Beginning]]'' at [[Cairo University]], U.S. President Obama participates in a roundtable interview in 2009 with among others [[Jamal Khashoggi]], [[Bambang Harymurti]] and [[Nahum Barnea]].|thumb|right]]
[[File:Barack Obama meets Stephen Harper.jpg|thumb|left|Obama meets with Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] in Ottawa, February 19, 2009.]]
In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] Hillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "[[Russian reset|reset]]" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.<ref name="preceding administration" /> Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, [[Al Arabiya]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama reaches out to Muslim world on TV |work = NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/28869185 |access-date = June 15, 2009 |date = January 27, 2009 }}</ref> On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/20/barack-obama-usa |title = Barack Obama's address to Iran: Full text of Barack Obama's videotaped message to the people and leaders of Iran as they celebrate their New Year's holiday, Nowruz |date = March 20, 2013 |access-date = July 14, 2013 |work = [[The Guardian]] |location = London }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Karen |last = DeYoung |title = Nation U.S. to Join Talks on Iran's Nuclear Program |date = April 9, 2009 |newspaper = The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/08/AR2009040802254.html |access-date = June 15, 2009 }}</ref> On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at [[Cairo University]] in Egypt calling for "[[A New Beginning (speech)|A New Beginning]]" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<ref name="middleeast" /> On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following [[2009 Iranian presidential election|Iran's 2009 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/26/obama-dismisses-ahmadinejad-apology-request/ |title = Obama dismisses Ahmadinejad apology request |work = The Washington Times |date = June 26, 2009 |access-date = July 2, 2015 |first1 = Joseph |last1 = Weber |first2 = Stephen |last2 = Dinan }}</ref>
In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killed [[Anwar al-Awlaki]]. Awlaki was an American imam suspected of being an [[Al-Qaeda]] organizer and supporter. Awlaki became the first [[Citizenship of the United States|U.S. citizen]] to be targeted and killed by a [[Drone strike|U.S. drone strike]] without the rights of [[due process]] being afforded. The killing led to significant controversy.<ref>{{cite news | title=Long-sought memo on lethal drone strike is released | newspaper=Washington Post | date=2014-06-23 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/legal-memo-backing-drone-strike-is-released/2014/06/23/1f48dd16-faec-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html | access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> His [[Abdulrahman al-Awlaki|teenage son]] and [[Death of Nawar al-Awlaki|young daughter]], also Americans, were later killed in separate [[Raid on Yakla|US military actions]], although they were not targeted specifically.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|date=August 27, 2015|title=The Lessons of Anwar al-Awlaki|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/magazine/the-lessons-of-anwar-al-awlaki.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827141921/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/magazine/the-lessons-of-anwar-al-awlaki.html |archive-date=August 27, 2015 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=December 7, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lauter|first=David|date=June 24, 2014|title=Memo justifying drone killing of American Al Qaeda leader is released|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-drone-memo-awlaki-20140623-story.html|access-date=December 7, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Barack Obama and Matteo Renzi October 2016, 1.jpg|thumb|Obama meets with Italian Prime Minister [[Matteo Renzi]] at the [[White House]], October 2016.]]In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|military intervention in Yemen]], establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/report-yemens-embattled-president-flees-stronghold-as-rebels-advance/2015/03/25/e0913ae2-d2d5-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html|title= Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen| newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yemen conflict: US 'could be implicated in war crimes' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37607248 |publisher=BBC News |date=October 10, 2016}}</ref> In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of [[Saudi Arabia–United States relations|arms deals with Saudi Arabia]] worth $115{{nbs}}billion.<ref>{{Cite news | last=Bayoumy | first=Yara | title=Obama administration arms sales offers to Saudi top $115 billion: ... | work=Reuters | date=September 7, 2016 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-security/obama-administration-arms-sales-offers-to-saudi-top-115-billion-report-idUSKCN11D2JQ }}</ref> Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology to [[Saudi Arabia]] after Saudi warplanes [[2016 Sana'a funeral airstrike|targeted a funeral]] in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-saudi-arabia-yemen-war-support-military-houthis-bombing-campaign-crisis-a7472546.html |title=America 'agrees to stop selling some arms' to Saudi Arabia |work=The Independent |date=December 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401180257/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-saudi-arabia-yemen-war-support-military-houthis-bombing-campaign-crisis-a7472546.html|archive-date=April 1, 2019 |first1=Phil |last1=Stewart |first2=Warren |last2=Strobel }}</ref>
====War in Iraq====
{{Main|Iraq War|American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)}}
On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.<ref>{{cite news |agency = [[Associated Press]] |first = Ben |last = Feller |url = http://gazette.com/obama-sets-firm-withdrawal-timetable-for-iraq/article/49026 |title = Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq |work = [[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)|The Gazette]] |date = February 27, 2009 |access-date = March 3, 2009 |archive-date = February 7, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113330/http://gazette.com/obama-sets-firm-withdrawal-timetable-for-iraq/article/49026 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to [[counter-terrorism]] and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.<ref>{{cite news |last = Jones |first = Athena |date = February 27, 2009 |url=http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/02/27/4428005-obama-announces-iraq-plan |title = Obama announces Iraq plan |publisher = MSNBC |access-date = July 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Sykes, Hugh |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11020270 |title = Last US combat brigade exits Iraq |publisher = BBC News |date = August 19, 2010 |access-date = December 25, 2012 }}</ref> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/01/obama-formally-ends-iraq-war |place = London |work = The Guardian |title = Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page' |first = Ewen |last = MacAskill |date = September 1, 2010 }}</ref> On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/44990594 |title = All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year |work = NBC News |date = October 21, 2011 |access-date = December 25, 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:David Cameron and Barack Obama at the G20 Summit in Toronto.jpg|thumb|Meeting with UK Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] during the [[2010 G20 Toronto summit]]|alt=US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010.]]
In June 2014, following the [[Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)#Fall of Mosul and push into Kirkuk|capture of Mosul]] by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commit [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant#Human rights abuse and war crime findings|widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-is-sending-275-us-troops-to-iraq-2014-6 |title = Obama Is Sending 275 US Troops To Iraq |work = Business Insider |access-date = June 19, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-rights-idUSKBN0H30KB20140908 |title = New U.N. rights boss warns of 'house of blood' in Iraq, Syria |access-date = July 11, 2015 |last = Nebehay |first = Stephanie |work = Reuters |date = September 8, 2014 }}</ref> In August 2014, during the [[Sinjar massacre]], Obama ordered a [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)#United States airstrikes|campaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIS]].<ref name="def31-10-14">{{cite web |url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=123542 |title = DoD Authorizes War on Terror Award for Inherent Resolve Ops |date = October 31, 2014 |publisher = Defense.gov |access-date = November 22, 2014 }}</ref> By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30388718 |title = Islamic State: Coalition 'pledges more troops' for Iraq |publisher = BBC News |access-date = August 23, 2015 |date = December 8, 2014 }}</ref> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2015/01/19/a10-strikes-isis-11-percent/21875911/ |title = A-10 Performing 11 Percent of Anti-ISIS Sorties |last = Mehta |first = Aaron |date = January 19, 2015 |work = [[Defense News]] |access-date = August 23, 2015 }}</ref> In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the [[82nd Airborne Division]] the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/us/1-000-soldiers-from-the-82nd-airborne-headed-to-iraq-1.320194 |title = 1,000 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne headed to Iraq |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |access-date = August 23, 2015 }}</ref> and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/07/21/stealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive |title=Stealthy Jet Ensures Other War-Fighting Aircraft Survive |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=August 23, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813053355/http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/07/21/stealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive |archive-date=August 13, 2015 }}</ref>
====Afghanistan war and Pakistan====
{{Main|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|AfPak}}
[[File:Barack Obama, Hamid Karzai & Asif Ali Zardari after trilateral meeting 5-6-09 1.jpg|thumb|Obama after a trilateral meeting with Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]] (left) and Pakistani President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] (right), White House Cabinet Room, May 2009]]
In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a "dangerous distraction" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/15/obama.iraq/index.html |title=Obama calls Iraq war a 'dangerous distraction' |work=[[CNN]] |date=2008-07-15 |accessdate=2022-08-15}}</ref> the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/16/us/politics/15cnd-obama.html | title=Obama and McCain Duel over Iraq | newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 16, 2008 | last1=Broder | first1=John M. }}</ref> Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |work = NewsHour with Jim Lehrer |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html |title = Obama Calls for U.S. Military to Renew Focus on Afghanistan |publisher = PBS |date = July 15, 2008 |access-date = April 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327094906/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html |archive-date = March 27, 2010 }}</ref> He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".<ref>{{cite news |first = Amanda |last = Hodge |title = Obama launches Afghanistan Surge |date = February 19, 2009 |work = The Australian |location = Sydney |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/obama-launches-afghanistan-surge/story-e6frg6t6-1111118893671 }}</ref> He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General [[David D. McKiernan]], with former [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Special Forces]] commander Lt. Gen. [[Stanley A. McChrystal]] in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.<ref name="counterinsurgency tactics" /> On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=December 1, 2009 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/34218604 |title=Obama details Afghan war plan, troop increases |work=NBC News }}</ref> this took place in July 2011. [[David Petraeus]] replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/06/24/mcchrystal.gates.support/ |title = Gates says he agrees with Obama decision on McChrystal |publisher = CNN |date = June 24, 2010 |access-date = September 18, 2010 }}</ref> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last = Chandrasekaran |first = Rajiv |title = Obama wants to cut troop level in Afghanistan in half over next year |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/official-obama-to-cut-troop-level-in-afghanistan-in-half-by-next-year/2013/02/12/63a044c8-7536-11e2-8f84-3e4b513b1a13_story.html |access-date = February 14, 2013 |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = February 12, 2013 }}</ref> In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34536833 |title = US troops in Afghanistan: Taliban resurgence sees rethink |publisher = BBC News |date = October 15, 2015 |access-date = October 15, 2015 |last = Marcus |first = Jonathan }}</ref>
Regarding neighboring [[Pakistan]], Obama called its tribal border region the "greatest threat" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he "cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary." In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. "cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/us/politics/15text-obama.html | title=Obama's Remarks on Iraq and Afghanistan | newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 15, 2008 }}</ref>
=====Death of Osama bin Laden=====
{{Main|Killing of Osama bin Laden}}
[[File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden no watermark.webm|thumb|President Obama's address (9:28){{break}}''Also available:'' [[:File:050111 Osama Bin Laden Death Statement audioonly.ogg|Audio only]]; {{Cws |title=Full text |link=Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden |nobullet=yes}}]]
[[File:Obama and Biden await updates on bin Laden.jpg|left|thumb|Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on [[Operation Neptune's Spear]] in the [[White House Situation Room]], May 1, 2011. See also: [[Situation Room (photograph)|''Situation Room'']]|alt=President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching the live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex.]]
Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of [[Osama bin Laden]]. He was living in seclusion in [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|a large compound]] in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, a suburban area {{convert|35|mi|km}} from [[Islamabad]].<ref name="NYT-clues">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |title = Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden |last1 = Mazzetti |first1 = Mark |first2 = Helene |last2 = Cooper |first3 = Peter |last3 = Baker |date = May 3, 2011 |work = The New York Times |access-date = May 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190900/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |archive-date = May 3, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> CIA head [[Leon Panetta]] reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.<ref name="NYT-clues" /> Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by [[United States Navy SEALs]].<ref name="NYT-clues" /> The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.<ref name="WP-binLaden">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/osama-bin-laden-is-killed-by-us-forces-in-pakistan/2011/05/01/AFXMZyVF_story.html |title = Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = September 13, 2014 |date = May 2, 2011 |first1 = Philip |last1 = Rucker |first2 = Scott |last2 = Wilson |first3 = Anne E. |last3 = Kornblut }}</ref><ref name="ND-binLaden">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/breaking/official-offers-details-of-bin-laden-raid-1.2853079 |title = Official offers details of bin Laden raid |website = Newsday |access-date = September 13, 2014 |date = May 2, 2011 }}</ref> DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<ref name="ABC-binLaden">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703 |title = Osama bin Laden Killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan |last1 = Schabner |first1 = Dean |first2 = Karen |last2 = Travers |date = May 1, 2011 |work = ABC News |access-date = May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504021523/http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703 |archive-date = May 4, 2011 }}</ref> which was buried at sea several hours later.<ref name="NYT-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |title=Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Mark |last3=Mazzetti |date=May 2, 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505195308/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's [[World Trade Center site|Ground Zero]] and [[Times Square]].<ref name="WP-binLaden" /><ref name="Guard-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite news |last1 = Walsh |first1 = Declan |first2 = Richard |last2 = Adams |first3 = Ewen |last3 = MacAskill |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama |title = Osama bin Laden is dead, Obama announces |date = May 2, 2011 |work = The Guardian |place = London |access-date = May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503154000/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama |archive-date = May 3, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden|Reaction to the announcement]] was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<ref name="Bloom-binLaden">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html |title = Death of Bin Laden May Strengthen Obama's Hand in Domestic, Foreign Policy |last = Dorning |first = Mike |date = May 2, 2011 |agency = [[Bloomberg News]] |access-date = May 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503203539/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html |archive-date = May 3, 2011 }}</ref>
{{clear}}
====Venezuela====
{{expand section|date=August 2022}}
The Obama administration approved $5 million annual budget for backing opposition activities against the Venezuelan government.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208290.pdf "Congressional Budget Justification Volume 2 FOREIGN OPERATIONS"] U.S. Department of State, 2014</ref>
While Obama set a conciliatory tone for his relations with [[Venezuela]] during his candidacy, saying he would be willing to meet with [[President of Venezuela|Venezuelan President]] [[Hugo Chávez]] without preconditions at a July 23, 2007, presidential debate,<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3Oj7Jn9rv4 |title=Obama / Clinton on meeting anti-US leaders |agency=CNN/YouTube |date=February 7, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717202808/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3Oj7Jn9rv4 |archive-date=July 17, 2009}}</ref> the Venezuelan leader had been fickle in his opinion of Obama. Even during the election he varied from liking Obama to saying that nothing would change with the US.
In January 2009 Chávez derided Obama as taking the same stance toward Venezuela as Bush, but the next month, as the price of oil fell, Chavez communicated openness to discussions with the Obama administration.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Michael |title=Chávez's Latest Victory an Opportunity for Obama |url=https://www.newsweek.com/chavezs-latest-victory-opportunity-obama-82427 |work=Newsweek |date=18 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref> On February 15, 2009, Chávez said, "Any day is propitious for talking with President Barack Obama,"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=101268|title=Venezuela President Chavez Ready to Talk to US President Obama |agency=Novinite|date=February 15, 2009}}</ref> but said later that month that he "couldn't care less" about meeting the new U.S. president<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rawstory.com/news/afp/_Couldn_t_care_less_about_meeting_O_02272009.html|title='Couldn't care less' about meeting Obama: Chavez|agency=AFP|date=February 27, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228213144/http://rawstory.com/news/afp/_Couldn_t_care_less_about_meeting_O_02272009.html|archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> ahead of an impending confrontation between the two leaders at the [[Summits of the Americas|Summit of the Americas]] in [[Port of Spain|Port-of-Spain]], [[Trinidad]], in mid-April.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/article.php?news_id=13952|title=Obama and Chavez to meet in Trinidad in April|agency=Caribbean Net News|date=February 2, 2009|first=Oscar|last=Ramjeet|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205080513/http://caribbeannetnews.com/article.php?news_id=13952|archive-date=February 5, 2009}}</ref>
In December 2014, Obama signed a sanctions law on Venezuelan government officials.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-venezuela-sanctions-idUSKBN0JW2JF20141218 | title=Obama signs U.S. Sanctions law on Venezuela officials | newspaper=Reuters | date=December 18, 2014 }}</ref>
====Relations with Cuba====
{{Main|Cuban thaw}}
[[File:Handshake between the President and Cuban President Raúl Castro.jpg|thumb|left|President Obama meeting with Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]] in Panama, April 2015]]
Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Warren |first1 = Strobel |title = Secret talks in Canada, Vatican City led to Cuba breakthrough |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-usa-reconstruction-idUSKBN0JV2DM20141217 |work = Reuters |access-date = December 21, 2014 }}</ref> The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when [[Pope Francis]] advised the U.S. and Cuba to [[prisoner exchange|exchange prisoners]] as a gesture of goodwill.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Morello |first1 = Carol |last2 = DeYoung |first2 = Karen |title = Secret U.S.-Cuba diplomacy ended in landmark deal on prisoners, future ties |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/secret-diplomacy-with-cuba-ended-in-breakthrough-deal/2014/12/17/c51b3ed8-8614-11e4-a702-fa31ff4ae98e_story.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 21, 2014 }}</ref> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]], in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the [[Death of Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela memorial service]] in [[Johannesburg]].<ref>{{Cite news | last1=Roberts | first1=Dan | last2=Luscombe | first2=Richard | title=Obama shakes hands with Raúl Castro for first time at Mandela memorial | newspaper=The Guardian | date=December 10, 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/obama-shakes-hands-raul-castro-mandela-memorial | access-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref>
In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with [[Pope Francis]] as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<ref>{{cite news |first = Barbie Latza |last = Nadeau |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/17/the-pope-s-diplomatic-miracle-ending-the-u-s-cuba-cold-war.html |title = The Pope's Diplomatic Miracle: Ending the U.S.–Cuba Cold War |work = The Daily Beast |date = December 17, 2014 |access-date = December 18, 2014 }}</ref> Popularly dubbed the [[Cuban Thaw]], ''[[The New Republic]]'' deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<ref>{{cite news |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/121522/cuba-obamas-biggest-foreign-policy-success |title=The Cuban Thaw Is Obama's Finest Foreign Policy Achievement to Date |first=Joel |last=Gillin |date=April 13, 2015 }}</ref> On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and [[Havana]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama announces re-establishment of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic ties |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/01/politics/obama-note-to-castro-reestablish-ties/ |publisher = CNN |access-date = July 1, 2015 }}</ref> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article27862504.html |title = United States and Cuba reestablish diplomatic relations |first = Mimi |last = Whitefield |work = The Miami Herald |date = July 20, 2015 |access-date = July 19, 2015 }}</ref> Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive since [[Calvin Coolidge]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis |first2=Damien |last2=Cave |date = March 21, 2016 |title = Obama Arrives in Cuba, Heralding New Era After Decades of Hostility |work = The New York Times |page = A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/world/americas/obama-arrives-in-cuba.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320203029/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/world/americas/obama-arrives-in-cuba.html |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Israel====
[[File:Barack Obama welcomes Shimon Peres in the Oval Office.jpg|thumb|Obama meeting with Israeli President [[Shimon Peres]] in the [[Oval Office]], May 2009|alt=President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden.]]
During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the [[Joint Political Military Group|U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group]] and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.<ref>{{cite news |last=Levinson |first=Charles |date=August 14, 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703321004575427272550050504 |title=U.S., Israel Build Military Cooperation |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |location=New York |access-date=March 1, 2011 }}</ref> The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the [[Iron Dome]] program in response to the waves of [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |date=October 26, 2012 |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/nation/article/for_obama_campaign_trying_to_put_to_rest_persistent_questions_about_kishkes |title=For Obama campaign, trying to put to rest persistent questions about 'kishkes' |newspaper=Jewish Journal}}</ref> In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of [[East Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/Netanyahus-Office-No-Change-on-East-Jerusalem-Plans-89258402.html |title = Israel Refuses to Halt Construction in East Jerusalem |publisher = [[Voice of America]] |date = March 25, 2010 |access-date = July 2, 2015 |first = Robert |last = Berger }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html |title = Israel Confirms New Building in East Jerusalem |work = The New York Times |date = March 24, 2010 |first = Isabel |last = Kershner |access-date = April 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329231159/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html |archive-date = March 29, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning [[Israeli settlement]]s, with the United States being the only nation to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37572&Cr=palestin&Cr1 |title = United States vetoes Security Council resolution on Israeli settlements |date = February 18, 2011 |website = UN News Service Section |access-date = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> Obama supports the [[two-state solution]] to the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.<ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Elior |date=May 22, 2011 |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4072210,00.html |title=PA challenges Netanyahu to accept 1967 lines |work=Ynetnews |access-date=May 22, 2011 }}</ref>
In 2013, [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |last = Goldberg |first = Jeffrey |title = Obama: 'Israel Doesn't Know What Its Best Interests Are' |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-14/what-obama-thinks-israelis-don-t-understand-.html |access-date = January 23, 2013 |work = Bloomberg |date = January 14, 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, Obama likened the [[Zionist movement]] to the [[civil rights movement]] in the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/obama-netanyahu-and-the-future-of-israel/405082/ |title=After the Iran Deal: Obama, Netanyahu, and the Future of the Jewish State |work=The Atlantic |date=September 13, 2015 |access-date=September 13, 2015 }}</ref> Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama reaffirms Israel's right to defend itself |first=Herb|last=Keinon|url=http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Netanyahu-speaks-with-UN-chief-over-phone-363479 |date = July 19, 2014 | work= [[The Times of Israel]] }}</ref> In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Iran Nuclear Deal]]; Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad".<ref>{{Cite news | title=Netanyahu: Iran nuclear deal makes world much more dangerous, Israel not bound by it | newspaper=[[Haaretz]] | date=July 14, 2015 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.665821 | access-date=January 3, 2018}}</ref>
On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334]], which condemned [[Israeli settlement]] building in the occupied [[Palestinian territories]] as a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Collinson | first1=Stephen | last2=Wright | first2=David | last3=Labott | first3=Elise | title=US Abstains as UN Demands End to Israeli Settlements |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/23/politics/israel-official-rips-obama-un-settlements/ | date=December 24, 2016 | work=CNN | access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref> Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,<ref>{{Cite news | last1=Barak | first1=Ravid | title=Netanyahu on UN Settlement Vote: Israel Will Not Turn the Other Cheek |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.761470 | date=December 26, 2016 | newspaper=[[Haaretz]] | access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=Israel-Palestinians: Netanyahu Condemns John Kerry Speech |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38455753 | date=December 29, 2016 | publisher=BBC News | access-date=January 7, 2017 }}</ref> and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6{{nbs}}million, on January 6, 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title=Israel Halts $6{{nbs}}million to UN to Protest UN Settlements Vote |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/01/06/israel-halts-6-million-to-un-to-protest-un-settlements-vote.html | date=January 6, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News]] (from the [[Associated Press]]) | access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref> On January 5, 2017, the [[United States House of Representatives]] voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<ref>{{cite news | title=House Overwhelmingly Votes to Condemn UN Resolution on Israel Settlements |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/05/house-overwhelmingly-votes-to-condemn-un-resolution-on-israel-settlements.html | date=January 5, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News]] | access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last1=Cortellessa | first1=Eric | title=US House Passes Motion Repudiating UN Resolution on Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-house-passes-repudiation-of-un-security-council-resolution-on-israel/ | date=January 6, 2017 | work=[[The Times of Israel]] | access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref>
====Libya====
{{Main|2011 military intervention in Libya}}
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama (2015-09-29) 04.jpg|thumb|President Obama meets with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015.]]
In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as part of the [[Arab Spring]]. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the [[Arab League]], and a resolution<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.FloorStatements&ContentRecord_id=b63b7b6f-a466-ba23-dea8-7bc024f54655 |title = Floor Statement by Senator McCain Introducing the Senate Resolution Calling for a No-Fly Zone in Libya |publisher = Senate.gov |date = March 14, 2011 |access-date = March 28, 2011 }}</ref> passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1 |title = Senate Passes Resolution Calling for No-Fly Zone Over Libya |work = [[National Journal]] |date = March 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121418/http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1 |archive-date = May 11, 2011 }}</ref> In response to the unanimous passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]] on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the rebels of Benghazi<ref>{{cite news |last = Winnett |first = Robert |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8389565/Libya-UN-approves-no-fly-zone-as-British-troops-prepare-for-action.html |title = Libya: UN approves no-fly zone as British troops prepare for action |work = The Daily Telegraph |place = London |date = March 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428102507/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8389565/Libya-UN-approves-no-fly-zone-as-British-troops-prepare-for-action.html |archive-date = April 28, 2011 }}</ref>—announced an immediate cessation of military activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/03/fly-zone-ceasefire-libya |author = Shackle, Samira |title = Libya declares ceasefire |work = New Statesman blog |location = London |date = March 18, 2011 |access-date = July 16, 2011 }}</ref>
The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Id=1580433&SM=1 |title = Obama: US to Transfer Lead Role in Libya |publisher = RTT Newswire |access-date = March 22, 2011 }}</ref> including the use of [[Tomahawk (missile)|Tomahawk missiles]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirits]], and fighter jets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/ |title=Obama says US efforts in Libya have saved lives, control of operation can be turned over soon |work=[[Ventura County Star]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=March 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828104819/http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/ |archive-date=August 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Pannell, Ian |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757 |title = Gaddafi 'not targeted' by allied strikes |publisher = BBC News |date = March 21, 2011 |access-date = July 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623012338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757 |archive-date = June 23, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya |title = F-15 fighter jet crashes in Libya |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = March 22, 2011 |access-date = March 23, 2011 |first = Sam |last = Jones |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322190309/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya |archive-date = March 22, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, [[NATO]] took over leadership of the effort, dubbed [[Operation Unified Protector]].<ref name="NATOPressRelease">{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf |title = NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR |publisher = NATO |date = March 25, 2011 }}</ref> Some Representatives<ref name="LibyaOffensive">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-obamas-libya-offensive-constitutional/ |title = Is Obama's Libya offensive constitutional? |work = CBS News |date = March 22, 2011 |access-date = March 22, 2011 |first = Brian |last = Montopoli }}</ref> questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama's Libya Policy Makes Strange Bedfellows of Congressional Critics |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html |work = The Huffington Post |access-date = March 26, 2011 |date = March 21, 2011 |first = Sam |last = Stein |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323083100/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html |archive-date = March 23, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama juggles Libya promises, realities |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/25/obama.libya/index.html |publisher = CNN |access-date = March 26, 2011 |date = March 25, 2011 }}</ref> Obama later expressed regret for playing a leading role in the destabilization of Libya, calling the certain situation there "a mess."<ref>{{cite news|first1=Allie|last1=Malloy|first2=Catherine|last2=Treyz|date=April 10, 2016|title=Obama admits worst mistake of his presidency&nbsp;— CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/10/politics/obama-libya-biggest-mistake/index.html|access-date=April 24, 2021|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the "worst mistake" of his presidency.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 11, 2016|title=President Obama: Libya aftermath 'worst mistake' of presidency|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36013703|access-date=April 24, 2021}}</ref>
====Syrian Civil War====
{{See also|Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War#United States|American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War}}
On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the [[Syrian Civil War]], Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for [[Bashar al-Assad|President Assad]] to step aside."<ref name=mustgo>{{cite news|title=Assad must go, Obama says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/assad-must-go-obama-says/2011/08/18/gIQAelheOJ_story.html |access-date=November 23, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name=whstatem>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/08/18/president-obama-future-syria-must-be-determined-its-people-president-bashar-al-assad |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=President Obama: 'The future of Syria must be determined by its people, but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way.' |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |date=August 18, 2011 }}</ref> This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-says-syrian-leader-bashar-al-assad-must-go-1447925671|title=Obama Says Syrian Leader Bashar al-Assad Must Go|author=Nelson, Colleen}}</ref> In 2012, Obama authorized multiple [[Timber Sycamore|programs run by the CIA]] and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-syria-obama-order-idUSBRE8701OK20120802|author=Hosenball, Mark|title=Obama authorizes secret support for Syrian rebels|access-date=February 19, 2016|work=Reuters|date=August 2, 2012}}</ref> The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/world/middleeast/pentagon-program-islamic-state-syria.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009144157/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/world/middleeast/pentagon-program-islamic-state-syria.html |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obama Administration Ends Effort to Train Syrians to Combat ISIS|first1=Michael D. |last1=Shear |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Eric |last3=Schmitt |access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-idUSKCN0S31BR20151009|title=U.S. pulls plug on Syria rebel training effort; will focus on weapons supply|first1=Phil |last1=Stewart |first2=Kate|last2=Holton|access-date=February 20, 2016|work=Reuters|date=October 9, 2015}}</ref>
In the wake of a [[Ghouta chemical attack|chemical weapons attack]] in Syria, [[U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013|formally blamed]] by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged<ref name="redline">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/17/obama-red-line-erased-as-assad-chemical-weapons-us/?page=all|title=Obama 'red line' erased as Bashar Assad's chemical weapons use goes unchecked by U.S. military|work=The Washington Times |date=May 17, 2015 |access-date=November 23, 2015}}</ref> and, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad [[Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons|giving up chemical weapons]]; however attacks with [[chlorine gas]] continued.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914154144/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html |archive-date=September 14, 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms|author=Gordon, Michael|access-date=February 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/syria-got-rid-of-its-chemical-weapons-but-reports-of-attacks-continue/|title=Syria Got Rid of Its Chemical Weapons—But Reports of Attacks Continue|author=Boghani, Priyanka|access-date=February 19, 2016}}</ref> In 2014, Obama authorized an [[Military intervention against ISIL|air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/obama-strike-wherever-it-exists-2014910223935601193.html|title=Obama outlines plan to target IS fighters|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=September 11, 2014|access-date=September 24, 2014}}</ref>
====Iran nuclear talks====
{{Main|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action}}
[[File:Barack Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu (8637772147).jpg|thumb|Obama talks with [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], March 2013.]]
On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The "Complex Modernization" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. The administration built new plutonium pits at the Los Alamos lab in New Mexico and expanded enriched uranium processing at the Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/1/headlines|title=Headlines for October 01, 2009|website=Democracy Now!}}</ref> In November 2013, the Obama administration opened [[Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|negotiations]] with Iran to prevent it from acquiring [[nuclear weapon]]s, which included an [[Joint Plan of Action|interim agreement]]. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title = Iran deal reached, Obama hails step toward 'more hopeful world' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-idUSKCN0PM0CE20150714 |date = July 14, 2015 |access-date = July 14, 2015 |work = Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title = Iran, World Powers Prepare to Sign Nuclear Accord |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/embargo-on-arms-clouds-iran-nuclear-deal-1436831280 |date = July 14, 2015 |access-date = July 14, 2015 |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |last1 = Solomon |first1 = Jay |last2 = Norman |first2 = Laurence |last3 = Lee |first3 = Carol E. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Landmark deal reached on Iran nuclear program |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/14/politics/iran-nuclear-deal/ |date = July 14, 2015 |access-date = July 14, 2015 |publisher = CNN }}</ref> In addition, the transfer of $1.7{{nbs}}billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-iran-payment-cash-20160907-snap-story.html|title=$1.7-billion payment to Iran was all in cash due to effectiveness of sanctions, White House says|date=September 7, 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref> In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shielded [[Hezbollah]] from the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]]'s [[Project Cassandra]] investigation regarding drug smuggling and from the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/1.829686 |title=Obama Administration Reportedly Shielded Hezbollah From DEA and CIA to Save Iran Nuclear Deal |work=Haaretz |date=December 18, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/interactives/2017/obama-hezbollah-drug-trafficking-investigation/ |title=A Global Threat Emerges |work=Politico |date=December 18, 2017 |first=Josh |last=Meyer }}</ref>
On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348{{nbs}}billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2015/12/15/obama-backs-biggest-nuclear-arms-buildup-since-cold-war/|title=Obama Backs Biggest Nuclear Arms Buildup Since Cold War|first=Loren|last=Thompson|website=Forbes}}</ref>
====Africa====
Obama spoke in front of the [[African Union]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progress made in [[Education in Africa|education]], infrastructure, and [[Economy of Africa|economy]]. He also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities ([[LGBT]] people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He suggested an intensified [[democratization]] and free trade, to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<ref>{{Cite news |last1 = Lee |first1 = Carol E. |title = Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849 |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |access-date = July 29, 2015 |date = July 28, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa |access-date = July 29, 2015 |via = [[NARA|National Archives]] |work = [[whitehouse.gov]] |date = July 28, 2015 }}</ref> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also was the first U.S. president ever to [[United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa|visit]] Kenya, which is the homeland of his father.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Ferris |first1 = Sarah |title = Obama: Proud to be first U.S. president to visit Kenya |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/249189-obama-proud-to-be-first-us-president-to-visit-kenya |work = [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date = July 30, 2015 |date = July 25, 2015 }}</ref>
====Hiroshima speech====
On May 27, 2016, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit [[Hiroshima]], Japan, 71 years after the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|U.S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima]] towards the end of [[World War II]]. Accompanied by Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]], Obama paid tribute to the victims of the bombing at the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36395350|title=President Obama visits Hiroshima|publisher=BBC News|access-date=June 19, 2016}}</ref> Although he was pressured to by atomic bomb survivor groups, he did not apologize for the decision to drop the bomb.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/05/27/obama-visit-hiroshima-bomb-site-pledges-no-apology/85022938/|title=Sympathy for victims but no apology as Obama makes historic Hiroshima visit|work=USA Today|access-date=July 13, 2021}}</ref>
====Russia====
{{See also|Russia–United States relations#From Obama's first term to election of Trump (2009–16)}}
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama (2015-09-29) 01.jpg|thumb|Obama meets Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in September 2015.]]
In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] to replace the [[START I|1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]] with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=March 26, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/world/europe/27start.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328142730/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/world/europe/27start.html |archive-date=March 28, 2010 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Obama Seals Arms Control Deal With Russia |work=The New York Times }}</ref> Obama and Medvedev signed the [[New START]] treaty in April 2010, and the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] ratified it in December 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223044444/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work = The New York Times |first = Peter |last = Baker |title = Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71–26 |date = December 22, 2010 }}</ref> In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]] when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.<ref>{{cite news |last = McVeigh |first = Karen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/07/gay-rights-us-aid-criteria |title = Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |location = London |date = December 6, 2011 |access-date = January 4, 2013 }}</ref> In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,<ref name="LAT80713">{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/07/nation/la-na-pn-obama-leno-russia-snowden-20130807 |title = Obama criticizes Russia's new anti-gay law in Leno interview |last = Parsons |first = Christi |date = August 7, 2013 |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date = August 27, 2014 }}</ref> but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], Russia.<ref name="Huffpo80913">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/09/obama-olympic-boycott_n_3733275.html |title = Obama Opposes Olympic Boycott, Criticizes Russian Anti-Gay Law |last = Johnson |first = Luke |date = August 9, 2013 |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |access-date = August 27, 2014 }}</ref>
After [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russia's invasion of Crimea]] in 2014, [[Russian military intervention in Syria|military intervention]] in Syria in 2015, and the [[2016 United States election interference by Russia|interference]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 U.S. presidential election]],<ref name="ftelect">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c596c0a8-a278-11e6-82c3-4351ce86813f | newspaper=[[Financial Times]] | title=US election: The Russia factor: Officials say Moscow's interference is unprecedented. Has the Kremlin achieved its goal? | date=November 4, 2016 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170207141246/https://www.ft.com/content/c596c0a8-a278-11e6-82c3-4351ce86813f |archive-date=February 7, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.<ref name="friedmnyt">{{cite news|first= Thomas L. |last=Friedman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/opinion/lets-get-putins-attention.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005073745/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/opinion/lets-get-putins-attention.html |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| newspaper=The New York Times| title=Let's Get Putin's Attention | date=October 5, 2016}}</ref> [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]], a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<ref name="obexit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107030307/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html |archive-date=November 7, 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | newspaper=The New York Times| title=Europeans View Obama's Exit With a Mix of Admiration and Regret | date=November 6, 2016}}</ref>
===Cultural and political image===
{{Main|Public image of Barack Obama}}
{{See also|International reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election}}
Obama's family history, upbringing, and [[Ivy League]] education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wallace-Wells |first=Benjamin |title=The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama? |date=November 2004 |work=Washington Monthly |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153556/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html |archive-date=May 13, 2008 |url-status=dead }} See also: {{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line |date=December 28, 2007 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php |archive-date=January 17, 2008 }}</ref> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the [[National Association of Black Journalists]] that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."<ref>{{cite news |first = Les |last = Payne |title = In One Country, a Dual Audience |format = paid archive |date = August 19, 2007 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |work = Newsday |place = New York |access-date = April 7, 2008 |archive-date = September 15, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080915033412/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status = dead }}</ref> Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."<ref>{{cite news |first = Mike |last = Dorning |title = Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK |format = paid archive |date = October 4, 2007 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning |work = Chicago Tribune |access-date = April 7, 2008 |archive-date = June 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150439/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning |url-status = dead }} See also: {{cite news |first = Toby |last = Harnden |title = Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide |date = October 15, 2007 |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir-says-Kennedy-aide.html |url-access = subscription |work = The Daily Telegraph |place = London |access-date = April 7, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515071852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html |archive-date = May 15, 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref>
Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<ref name="exceptional orator" /> During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov |title = YouTube—ChangeDotGov's Channel |via = YouTube |access-date = April 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220004338/http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov|archive-date=February 20, 2010 }}</ref> In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,<ref>Dyson, Michael Eric. (2016). The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 275. {{ISBN|978-0-544-38766-9}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-with-words/5D4F713A016401E3FC3922C66D371FF2|title=Governing with Words|last=Gillion|first=Daniel Q.|date=2016|website=Cambridge Core|access-date=June 5, 2019|doi=10.1017/CBO9781316412299|isbn=978-1-316-41229-9}}</ref> but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=Bennett|last2=Mendelberg|first2=Tali|last3=Haines|first3=Pavielle E.|date=2019|title="I'm Not the President of Black America": Rhetorical versus Policy Representation|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=17|issue=4|pages=1038–1058|doi=10.1017/S1537592719000963|issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Barack Obama.svg|thumb|left|Presidential approval ratings]]
According to the [[Gallup Organization]], Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/obama-starts-job-approval.aspx |title = Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval |publisher = Gallup.com |date = January 24, 2009 |access-date = June 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616021142/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/Obama-Starts-Job-Approval.aspx |archive-date = June 16, 2011 }}</ref> before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41 percent in August 2010,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1 |title = Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll—41% |work = USA Today |date = April 15, 2011 |access-date = June 19, 2011 }}</ref> a trend similar to [[Ronald Reagan]]'s and [[Bill Clinton]]'s first years in office.<ref>{{cite web |first = Jon |last = Terbush |url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php |title = Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents |publisher = Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com |date = December 9, 2010 |access-date = June 19, 2011 }}</ref> He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously.<ref>{{cite news |last = Oliphant |first = James |date = May 11, 2011 |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/11/news/la-pn-obama-bounce-20110511 |title = Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date = June 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1 = Balz |first1 = Dan |last2 = Cohen |first2 = John |date = June 6, 2011 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders/2011/06/06/AGT5wiKH_story.html |title = Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders |newspaper = The Washington Post |publisher = Nash Holdings LLC |access-date = June 7, 2011 }}</ref> His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52 percent shortly after his second inauguration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/124922/Presidential-Job-Approval-Center.aspx |title = Presidential Job Approval Center |publisher = Gallup.com |access-date = June 23, 2015 }}</ref> Despite approval ratings dropping to 39 percent in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50 percent in January 2015 according to Gallup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/113980/Gallup-Daily-Obama-Job-Approval.aspx |title = Gallup Daily: Obama Job Approval |date = January 22, 2015 |access-date = March 23, 2015 |website = Gallup Polling }}</ref>
Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm |title = World wants Obama as president: poll |agency = Reuters |date = September 9, 2008 |work = [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wike|first1=Richard|last2=Poushter|first2=Jacob|last3=Zainulbhai|first3=Hani|title=As Obama Years Draw to Close, President and U.S. Seen Favorably in Europe and Asia|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/06/29/as-obama-years-draw-to-close-president-and-u-s-seen-favorably-in-europe-and-asia/|website=Global Attitudes & Trends|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=February 23, 2017|date=June 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wan|first1=William|last2=Clement|first2=Scott|date=November 18, 2016|title=Most of the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/global-approval-rating.html|access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref> In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by [[Harris Insights & Analytics|Harris Interactive]] for [[France 24]] and the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927104642/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title = Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected |last = Freed |first = John C. |date = February 6, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = January 22, 2012 }}</ref> In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601104537/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html |archive-date=June 1, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title = Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds |date = May 29, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = January 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama remains a popular symbol of hope |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders |date = June 2, 2009 |publisher = [[France 24]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513050036/http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders |archive-date = May 13, 2011 |access-date = January 22, 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:G8 leaders watching football.jpg|thumb|G8 leaders watching the [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final]]|alt=Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final|Champions League final]], in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout.]]
Obama won [[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album|Best Spoken Word Album]] [[Grammy Award]]s for abridged [[audiobook]] versions of ''[[Dreams from My Father]]'' in February 2006 and for ''[[The Audacity of Hope]]'' in February 2008.<ref>{{cite news |author = Goodman, Dean |date = February 10, 2008 |title = Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama |work = Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210 |access-date = November 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219070404/https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210 |archive-date = December 19, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> His [[Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008#New Hampshire|concession speech]] after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "[[Yes We Can (will.i.am song)|Yes We Can]]", which was viewed ten million times on YouTube in its first month<ref>{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3491460.ece |title = Celebrities join YouTube revolution |last = Strange |first = Hannah |date = March 5, 2008 |work = The Times |place = London |access-date = December 18, 2008 }} {{subscription required}}</ref> and received a [[Daytime Emmy Award]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html |title = Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way |last = Wappler |first = Margaret |date = June 20, 2008 |work = Los Angeles Times blogs |access-date = January 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516090327/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html |archive-date = May 16, 2011 }}</ref> In December 2008 and in 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Obama as its [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last = Scherer |first = Michael |url=http://poy.time.com/2012/12/19/person-of-the-year-barack-obama/ |title = 2012 Person of the Year: Barack Obama, the President |magazine = Time |date = December 19, 2012 |access-date = December 19, 2012 }}</ref> The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which ''Time'' described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments."<ref>{{cite news|last=Von Drehle |first=David |title=Why History Can't Wait |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html |magazine=Time |date=December 16, 2008 |access-date=December 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217223841/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0%2C31682%2C1861543_1865068%2C00.html |archive-date=December 17, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first president of the United States to address both houses of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] in [[Westminster Hall]], London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state's being extended this invitation, following [[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1960, [[Nelson Mandela]] in 1996, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] in 2002 and [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first = Barack |last = Obama |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2011/05/nations-rights-world-united |title = Full transcript—Speech to UK Parliament |via = [[New Statesman]] |date = May 25, 2011 |access-date = June 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/westminsterhall/key-dates-wesminster-hall/keydates20th-topresent/ |title = 20th century to the present day |publisher = Parliament of the United Kingdom |date = April 21, 2010 |access-date = June 14, 2014 }}</ref>
<!--Please read the talk page to note the ongoing discussion, and also please use citation templates or expanded footnoting when citing. Raw URLs are less desirable. Thanks-->
On October 9, 2009, the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] announced that Obama had won the [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize]] "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."<!--See [[WP:EGG]] before attempting to hide this link!--><ref name="nobel peace prize">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ |title = The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 |publisher = Nobel Foundation |access-date = October 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010170600/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ |archive-date = October 10, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Obama accepted this award in [[Oslo]], Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."<ref name="CNN: Obama acceptance transcript">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/10/obama.transcript/index.html |title = Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility' |publisher = CNN |date = December 10, 2009 |access-date = May 21, 2011 }}</ref> The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Philp|first=Catherine|date=October 10, 2009|title=Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight|language=en|work=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/barack-obamas-peace-prize-starts-a-fight-nltk0qdq65d|access-date=December 15, 2021|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first = Sharon|last= Otterman |title = World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise |newspaper = The New York Times |date = October 9, 2009 |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor |access-date = October 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&sp=true |title = Obama Peace Prize win has Americans asking why? |work = Reuters |access-date = October 9, 2009 |date = October 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/33237202 |title = Obama: Nobel Peace Prize 'a call to action'—Politics—White House |work = NBC News |access-date = September 13, 2014 |date = October 9, 2009 }}</ref> Obama's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise" by ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/10/world/10nobel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501012645/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/10/world/10nobel.html |archive-date=May 1, 2011 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work = The New York Times |title = Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts |first = Steven |last = Erlanger |date = October 10, 2009 |access-date = May 20, 2010 }}</ref> Some [[Neoconservatism|neoconservatives]] praised his speech for what they viewed as pro-American content.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kagan|first=Robert|date=December 13, 2009|title=Robert Kagan—Obama shows he has learned from the early world resistance|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/11/AR2009121103517.html|access-date=November 2, 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ricks|first=Thomas E.|title=Friends like these (II): Neocons embracing Obama|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/12/14/friends-like-these-ii-neocons-embracing-obama/|access-date=November 2, 2020|work=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref> He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/09/us.nobel.presidents/ |title = Obama's win unique among presidents |publisher = CNN |date = October 9, 2009 }}</ref> Obama's Nobel Prize was viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, [[Geir Lundestad]], said that Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect of encouraging the President.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Taylor |first1 = Adam |title = Obama's Nobel peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |date=September 17, 2015 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = February 4, 2016 }}</ref>
==Post-presidency (2017–present)==
[[File:58th Presidential Inaugural Ceremony 170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg|thumb|Obama with his then-new successor [[Donald Trump]] and his later successor [[Joe Biden]], at the former's [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration]] on January 20, 2017]]
[[File:Barack Obama and Donald Trump.jpg|thumb|Obama and [[Donald Trump]], January 20, 2017]]
Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon the [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration]] of his successor, [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=How Obama felt after Trump's inauguration|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-us-canada-42491779|access-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Panetta|first=Grace|title=Michelle Obama said attending Trump's inauguration as one of few people of color was 'a lot emotionally'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/michelle-obama-trump-inauguration-a-lot-emotionally-2019-7|access-date=March 6, 2021|website=Business Insider}}</ref> The family currently rents a house in [[Kalorama, Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/25/politics/obama-kalorama-washington-dc-leases-house/ |title=Peek inside Obama's post-presidential pad|last1=Kosinski|first1=Michelle |first2=Daniella |last2=Diaz |date=May 27, 2016|work=CNN|access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> On March 2, 2017, the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] awarded the [[Profile in Courage Award]] to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<ref>{{cite web|title=Former President Barack H. Obama Announced as Recipient of 2017 John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/2017-Profile-in-Courage-Award.aspx|website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum|access-date=April 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408015950/https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/2017-Profile-in-Courage-Award.aspx|archive-date=April 8, 2017|date=March 2, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at the [[University of Chicago]] on April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/us/politics/obama-chicago.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424225327/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/us/politics/obama-chicago.html |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obama Steps Back into Public Life, Trying to Avoid One Word: Trump|date=April 24, 2017|work=The New York Times|first=Michael D.|last=Shear}}</ref>
[[File:Obama Macri October 2017.jpg|thumb|Obama playing golf with the President of Argentina [[Mauricio Macri]], October 2017]] When Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the [[Paris Agreement]] on June 1, Obama released a statement disagreeing with the choice.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/01/politics/obama-paris-climate/ |title=Obama pans Trump withdrawal from climate deal|first=MJ|last=Lee|date=June 1, 2017|work=CNN}}</ref> After Senate Republicans revealed the [[Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017]], their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, Obama released a Facebook post on June 22 calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the richest people in America."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/339035-obama-slams-fundamental-meanness-at-the-core-of-senate-healthcare-bill |title=Obama slams 'fundamental meanness' of Senate healthcare bill|date=June 22, 2017|first=Max|last=Greenwood|newspaper=The Hill}}</ref> On September 19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with pre-existing conditions."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/4949837/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-graham-cassidy/ |title=Barack Obama Criticizes '50th or 60th' Attempt to Repeal the Affordable Care Act|date=September 20, 2017|first=Alana|last=Abramson|magazine=Time}}</ref> After Attorney General [[Jeff Sessions]] announced the termination of the [[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals]] (DACA) program on September 5, Obama released a Facebook post criticizing the decision.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/05/politics/obama-daca/index.html |title=Obama slams Trump for rescinding DACA, calls move 'cruel'|first=Kevin|last=Liptak|work=CNN|date=September 5, 2017}}</ref> Two days later, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work with [[One America Appeal]] to help the victims of [[Hurricane Harvey]] and [[Hurricane Irma]] in the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] and [[Texas]] communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/349993-former-presidents-add-irma-recovery-to-fundraising-appeal |title=Former presidents fundraise for Irma disaster relief|last=Shelbourne|first=Mallory|date=September 10, 2017|work=The Hill|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref>
Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the [[Obama Foundation]] in Chicago from October 31 to November 1, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hope|first=Leah|date=September 14, 2017|title=Obama Foundation holds public meeting about presidential library project|url=https://abc7chicago.com/2411976/|access-date=November 17, 2020|publisher=[[WLS-TV]]}}</ref> He intends for the foundation to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office.<ref>{{cite news |first=Edward-Isaac |last=Dovere |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/31/barack-obama-foundation-summit-244393|title=Obama, opening his foundation's first summit, calls for fixing civic culture|work=Politico|date=October 31, 2017}}</ref>
In May 2018, Obama criticized President Trump's decision to withdraw from the nuclear deal with Iran under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action saying "the deal was working and it was in U.S. interests."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/posts/10155854913976749|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511183521/https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/posts/10155854913976749|url-status=dead|title=Barack Obama|archive-date=May 11, 2018|via=Facebook}}</ref> Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for [[Netflix]] under the Obamas' newly formed production company, [[Higher Ground Productions]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Obamas Sign Deal With Netflix, Form 'Higher Ground Productions' |first=Scott |last=Neuman |date=May 22, 2018 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/22/613246456/obamas-sign-content-deal-with-netlfix-form-higher-ground-productions |publisher=NPR |access-date=September 17, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Hunter |title=The Obamas Will Produce Movies and Shows for Netflix |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/the-obamas-will-produce-movies-and-shows-for-netflix.html |website=Vulture |access-date=September 17, 2018 |date=May 21, 2018 }}</ref> Higher Ground's first film, ''[[American Factory]],'' won the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/13/entertainment/barack-and-michelle-obama-oscars/index.html|title=Barack and Michelle Obama's production company scores first Oscar nomination|last=Gonzalez|first=Sandra|date=January 13, 2020|work=CNN|access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:210120-D-WD757-1249 (50861341397).jpg|thumb|right|Obama and his wife [[Michelle Obama|Michelle]] at the [[inauguration of Joe Biden]]]]
He received a 63% approval rating in Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M.|date=February 15, 2018|title=Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%|publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/226994/obama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx|access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref>
A pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service on October 24, 2018. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had been [[October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts|mailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|last=Pitofsky|first=Marina|title=Suspicious packages sent to Clintons, Obamas, CNN: What we know so far|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|newspaper=USA Today|date=October 24, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024161609/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|archive-date=October 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on [[Martha's Vineyard]] from [[Wyc Grousbeck]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lukpat |first=Alyssa |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Obamas reportedly buy Martha's Vineyard waterfront estate for $11.75 million |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/12/05/obamas-reportedly-buy-martha-vineyard-waterfront-estate-for-million/LeCI83nodDf735zneVfYKM/story.html |work=The Boston Globe}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Howley |first=Kathleen |date=September 1, 2019 |title=Barack And Michelle Obama Are Buying Martha's Vineyard Estate From Boston Celtics Owner |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenhowley/2019/09/01/obamas-buying-marthas-vineyard-estate-from-boston-celtics-owner/ |work=Forbes}}</ref> On October 29, 2019, Obama criticized "[[woke]]ness" and [[Cancel culture|call-out culture]] at the Obama Foundation's annual summit.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 30, 2019|title=Barack Obama challenges 'woke' culture|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50239261|access-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rueb|first1=Emily S.|last2=Taylor|first2=Derrick Bryson|date=October 31, 2019|title=Obama on Call-Out Culture: 'That's Not Activism'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/obama-woke-cancel-culture.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031174003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/obama-woke-cancel-culture.html |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=October 4, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the [[2020 Democratic presidential primaries]] because he wanted to position himself to unify the party, no matter who the nominee was.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=John Fritze and David |title='Voters themselves must pick': Why Barack Obama isn't endorsing Joe Biden or anyone else for president |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/02/27/why-obama-wont-endorse-biden-south-carolina-super-tuesday-nears/4890693002/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=March 18, 2022}}</ref> On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed his former vice president [[Joe Biden]], the presumptive Democratic nominee, for president in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]], stating that he has "all the qualities we need in a president right now."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Astor |first1=Maggie |last2=Glueck |first2=Katie |title=Barack Obama Endorses Joe Biden for President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/politics/obama-endorses-biden.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414145003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/politics/obama-endorses-biden.html |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |date=April 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Obama endorses Joe Biden for president|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-us-canada-52287456|access-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref> In May 2020, Obama criticized President Trump for [[Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic|his handling]] of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]], calling his response to the crisis "an absolute chaotic disaster", and stating that the consequences of [[Presidency of Donald Trump|the Trump presidency]] have been "our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before."<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 20, 2020|title=DNC 2020: Obama blasts Trump's 'reality show' presidency|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53844037|access-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref> Trump retaliated by accusing Obama of having committed "the biggest political crime in American history", although he refused to say what he was talking about, telling reporters: "You know what the crime is, the crime is very obvious to everybody."<ref>{{cite web|title=Trump Accuses Obama Of A Crime In White House Press Briefing|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/05/11/trump-accuses-obama-of-a-crime-in-white-house-press-briefing/|last=Solender|first=Andrew|work=Forbes|access-date=May 12, 2020}}</ref>
Obama wrote a presidential memoir, in a $65{{nbs}}million deal with [[Penguin Random House]].<ref name="nymag">{{cite magazine |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/06/where-is-barack-obama.html |title=Where Is Barack Obama? |first=Gabriel |last=Debenedetti |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=June 24, 2018}}</ref> The book, ''[[A Promised Land]]'', was released on November 17, 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Elizabeth A. |title=Obama's Memoir 'A Promised Land' Coming in November |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 17, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/books/obama-memoir-a-promised-land.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917101005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/books/obama-memoir-a-promised-land.html |archive-date=September 17, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Adichie|first=Chimamanda Ngozi|date=November 12, 2020|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on Barack Obama's 'A Promised Land'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/books/review/barack-obama-a-promised-land.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112144007/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/books/review/barack-obama-a-promised-land.html |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Carras|first=Christi|date=September 17, 2020|title=Barack Obama's new memoir will arrive right after the presidential election|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2020-09-17/barack-obama-book-memoir-a-promised-land|access-date=November 17, 2020|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
In February 2021, Obama and musician [[Bruce Springsteen]] started a podcast called ''[[Renegades: Born in the USA]]'' where the two talk about "their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gabbatt |first1=Adam |title=Barack Obama and Bruce Springsteen team up for new podcast |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/22/barack-obama-bruce-springsteen-podcast-renegades-born-usa |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=March 24, 2021 |date=February 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sisario |first1=Ben |title=Barack Obama and Bruce Springsteen: The Latest Podcast Duo |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/arts/obama-springsteen-podcast-spotify.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/arts/obama-springsteen-podcast-spotify.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=March 24, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=February 22, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In late 2021, Regina Hicks had signed a deal with [[Netflix]], in a venture with his and [[Michelle Obama|Michelle]]'s [[Higher Ground Productions|Higher Ground]] to develop comedy projects.<ref>{{cite web|last=Otterson|first=Joe|date=December 8, 2021|title='Upshaws' Co-Creator Regina Hicks Sets Netflix Overall Deal, to Develop Comedy Series With Obamas' Higher Ground|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/upshaws-regina-hicks-netflix-overall-deal-obamas-higher-ground-1235129305/|access-date=December 9, 2021|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoir ''[[A Promised Land]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Perez|first=Lexy|title=Barack Obama, Lin-Manuel Miranda Among 2022 Audie Awards Winners|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/audie-awards-2022-winners-lin-manuel-miranda-1235040071/|date=March 5, 2022|access-date=March 6, 2022|magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
On April 5, 2022, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Remarks by President Biden, Vice President Harris, and Former President Obama on the Affordable Care Act |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/04/05/remarks-by-president-biden-vice-president-harris-and-former-president-obama-on-the-affordable-care-act/ |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Benson |first=Samuel |title=Obama returns to White House for first time since leaving office |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/obama-returns-white-house-00023148 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Obama's back — for a day — in White House health bill push |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-health-business-donald-trump-john-mccain-2cbb6353329fcb541b4c8399a5981cf5 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
In 2022, he narrated the Netflix documentary series ''[[Our Great National Parks]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 lessons from Obama's national parks show on Netflix |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2022/04/13/obama-national-parks-show-netflix/ |access-date=May 26, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> which later won him a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montgomery |first=Daniel |date=2022-09-03 |title=2022 Creative Arts Emmy winners list in all categories [UPDATING LIVE] |url=https://www.goldderby.com/feature/2022-creative-arts-emmy-winners-list-1205063473/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=GoldDerby |language=en-US}}</ref>
In June of 2022, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, [[Higher Ground Productions|Higher Ground]], signed a multi-year deal with [[Audible (service)|Audible]]. The move followed Higher Ground's exit from [[Spotify]], where the company previously had a multi-year deal to create podcasts exclusively for the platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barack and Michelle Obama sign with Amazon after Spotify declines to renew audio deal |url=https://fortune.com/2022/06/21/barack-michelle-obama-amazon-audible-audio-deal-spotify/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chan |first1=J. Clara |date=2022-06-21 |title=The Obamas' Higher Ground Leaves Spotify for Audible Multiyear Deal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/obama-higher-ground-audible-1235169084/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Legacy==
[[File:Job Growth by U.S. President - v1.png|thumb|upright=1.7|Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to other presidents, as measured as a cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term]]
Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the [[Affordable Care Act]] (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a "skinny repeal", have thus far failed.<ref name="legacy">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/obama-legacy-recovery-recession-affordable-care-act-44927003 |title=Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act|date=January 20, 2017|work=ABC News|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.<ref name="auto">{{Cite report |title=The Effect of Eliminating the Individual Mandate Penalty and the Role of Behavioral Factors|year=2018|work=[[Commonwealth Fund]]|doi=10.26099/SWQZ-5G92 |doi-access=free |last1=Eibner|first1=Christine|last2=Nowak|first2=Sarah}}</ref> Together with the [[Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act]] amendment, it represents the [[Health care in the United States|U.S. healthcare system]]'s most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] in 1965.<ref name="Oberlander2010">{{cite journal|last1=Oberlander|first1=Jonathan|title=Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed|journal=Health Affairs|date=June 1, 2010|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1112–1116|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447|pmid=20530339|issn=0278-2715|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Blumenthal2015">{{cite journal |last1=Blumenthal|first1=David|last2=Abrams|first2=Melinda|last3=Nuzum|first3=Rachel|s2cid=28486139|title=The Affordable Care Act at 5 Years |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=June 18, 2015 | volume=372 |issue=25 |pages=2451–2458|doi=10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614|pmid=25946142| issn=0028-4793}}</ref><ref name="CohenEtAl">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Alan B.|last2=Colby|first2=David C.|last3=Wailoo|first3=Keith A.|last4=Zelizer|first4=Julian E. | title=Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care|date=June 1, 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-023156-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9DGBwAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref name="NYTsigning">{{cite news|last1=Stolberg|first1=Sheryl Gay|last2=Pear|first2=Robert | title=Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul into Law|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html| work=The New York Times|date=March 23, 2010}}</ref>
Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened [[Depression (economics)|depression]] and pulling the economy back from the [[Great Recession]].<ref name="legacy" /> According to the [[U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics]], the [[Obama administration]] created 11.3&nbsp;million jobs from the month after [[first inauguration of Barack Obama|his first inauguration]] to the end of his term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Long|first1=Heather|title=Final tally: Obama created 11.3 million jobs|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/06/news/economy/obama-over-11-million-jobs/ |work=CNN|date=January 6, 2017}}</ref> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]]. Passed as a response to the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]], it brought the most significant changes to [[financial regulation]] in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the [[Great Depression]] under Democratic President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barack-obama-legacy/12/ |title=Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform|work=CBS News|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref>
In 2009, Obama signed into law the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010]], which contained in it the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President [[Bill Clinton]] signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded [[Hate crime laws in the United States|existing federal hate crime laws in the United States]] to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaged in a federally protected activity.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<ref>{{cite news |last=Crary |first=David |date=January 4, 2017 |url=https://apnews.com/b94c8697ab2148199ca3d1b6137a9c20/lgbt-activists-view-obama-staunch-champion-their-cause |title=LGBT activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause |work=Associated Press }}</ref> In 2010, he signed the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010|Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act]], which brought an end to "[[don't ask, don't tell]]" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service from [[Lesbian, gay and bisexual|LGB]] people; the law went into effect the following year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bumiller |first=Elisabeth |date=July 22, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723235727/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Policy |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban on [[transgender]] people serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pentagon Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484192442/pentagon-says-transgender-troops-can-now-serve-openly|date=June 30, 2016|last=Kennedy|first=Kennedy|work=The Two-Way|publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref name=TransBan1 /> A [[Gallup poll]], taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Michael |last1=Smith |first2=Frank |last2=Newport |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/201683/americans-assess-progress-obama.aspx |title=Americans Assess Progress Under Obama |publisher=The Gallup Organization |date=January 9, 2017 }}</ref>
Obama substantially escalated the use of [[drone strikes]] against suspected militants and terrorists associated with [[al-Qaeda]] and the [[Taliban]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Zenko|first=Micah |date=January 12, 2016 |title= Obama's Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/01/12/reflecting-on-obamas-presidency/obamas-embrace-of-drone-strikes-will-be-a-lasting-legacy|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date= March 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/targeted-killings|title=Targeted Killings|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref> In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grandin|first=Greg |date=January 15, 2017 |title= Why Did the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year?|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/why-did-the-us-dropped-26171-bombs-on-the-world-last-year/tnamp/|work=[[The Nation]] |author-link=Greg Grandin|access-date= January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Agerholm|first=Harriet |date=January 19, 2017 |title=Map shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-president-barack-obama-bomb-map-drone-wars-strikes-20000-pakistan-middle-east-afghanistan-a7534851.html|work=The Independent |access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref> Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops in [[Afghanistan]], 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parsons|first1=Christi|last2=Hennigan|first2=W. J.|title=President Obama, who hoped to sow peace, instead led the nation in war|url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-obama-at-war/ |work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp|title=DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications|website=www.dmdc.osd.mil |access-date=January 16, 2020 }}</ref>
According to [[Pew Research Center]] and [[United States Bureau of Justice Statistics]], from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic President [[Jimmy Carter]]. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents [[Ronald Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], and [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gramlich|first1=John|title=Federal prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/ |publisher=Pew Research Center|date=January 5, 2017}}</ref>
According to [[Julian E. Zelizer|Julian Zelizer]]'s ''The Presidency of Barack Obama'', under Obama's presidency, the "Democrats lost more than one thousand seats in state legislatures, governors' mansions, and Congress during his time in office." adding that Obama "turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder."<ref>{{cite web|last=Kamarck|first=Elaine|date=April 6, 2018|title=The fragile legacy of Barack Obama|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/04/06/the-fragile-legacy-of-barack-obama/|url-status=live|access-date=October 30, 2021|website=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406205333/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/04/06/the-fragile-legacy-of-barack-obama/ |archive-date=April 6, 2018 }}</ref>
During Obama's presidency, a record 3.2 million people [[Deportation and removal from the United States|were deported from the United States]].<ref name="nydn_Obama">{{cite web|author=|date=September 1, 2016|title=Obama deported record number of immigrants, despite Trump's claim|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/obama-deported-record-number-immigrants-trump-claim-article-1.2774180|work=[[New York Daily News]]|quote=|access-date=November 15, 2016}}</ref> His record deportations earned Obama the nickname "Deporter in Chief".<ref>{{cite news|last=Golash-Boza|first=Tanya|date=November 1, 2014|title='Deporter in chief' Obama has alienated Latino voters|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera America]]|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/11/obama-deportationimmigrationreformmidtermelections.html|access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref> In February 2020, Biden called the deportation of hundreds of thousands of people without criminal records under the Obama administration a "big mistake".<ref>{{cite news|last=Barrow|first=Bill|date=February 15, 2020|title=For first time, Biden calls Obama deportations 'big mistake'|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/time-biden-calls-obama-deportations-big-mistake-69010125|url-status=live|access-date=October 30, 2021|website=ABC News|agency=Associated Press|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216145238/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/time-biden-calls-obama-deportations-big-mistake-69010125 |archive-date=February 16, 2020 }}</ref>
[[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) called Obama's human rights record "mixed", adding that "he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest — nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed."<ref name=":0" />
Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/ |first=Allen |last=Cone |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Obama leaving office at 60 percent approval rating|work=United Press International|access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/18/politics/obama-approval-rating-cnn-orc-poll/index.html|title=Obama approval hits 60 percent as end of term approaches|last=Agiesta |date=January 18, 2017 |first=Jennifer |access-date=February 26, 2017|work=CNN}}</ref> A 2018 survey of historians by the [[American Political Science Association]] ranked Obama the [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|8th-greatest American president]].<ref name="How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?">{{cite news|last1=Rottinghaus|first1=Brandon|last2=Vaughn|first2=Justin S.|date=February 19, 2018|title=Opinion {{!}} How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html|access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref> Obama gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the [[Brookings Institution]] that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2015/02/13/measuring-obama-against-the-great-presidents/|title=Measuring Obama against the great presidents|last1= Rottinghaus|first1=Brandon|last2=Vaughn|first2=Justin S.|date=February 13, 2015|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref>
===Presidential library===
{{Main|Barack Obama Presidential Center}}
The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned [[presidential library]]. It will be hosted by the [[University of Chicago]] and located in [[Jackson Park (Chicago)|Jackson Park]] on the [[South Side, Chicago|South Side of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.obama.org/about-the-foundation/|title=Obama Foundation FAQs|publisher=Barack Obama Foundation |access-date=January 16, 2020 }}</ref>
==Bibliography==
{{Main| Bibliography of Barack Obama}}
{{refbegin}}
===Books===
* {{Cite book |last=Obama |first=Barack |date=July 18, 1995 |title=[[Dreams from My Father]] |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=[[Times Books]] |isbn=0-8129-2343-X}}
* {{Cite book |last=Obama |first=Barack |author-mask=7 |date=October 17, 2006 |title=[[The Audacity of Hope]] |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-307-23769-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Obama |first=Barack |author-mask=7 |date=November 16, 2010 |title=[[Of Thee I Sing (book)|Of Thee I Sing]] |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf Books for Young Readers|Alfred A. Knopf]] |isbn=978-0-375-83527-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Obama |first=Barack |author-mask=7 |date=November 17, 2020 |title=[[A Promised Land]] |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-1-5247-6316-9}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Former President Barack Obama's third book starts shipping today|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/shopping/books/barack-obama-book-promised-land-n1246845|access-date=September 22, 2021|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref>
===Audiobooks===
* 2006: ''The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream'' (read by the author), [[Random House Audio]], {{ISBN|978-0-7393-6641-7}}
* 2020: ''A Promised Land'' (read by the author)
===Articles===
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|date=1988|title=Why organize? Problems in the inner city|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1988/ii880840.html|journal=Illinois Issues|volume=XIV|issue=8 & 9|pages=40–42|issn=0738-9663}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=1990|title=Tort Law. Prenatal Injuries. Supreme Court of Illinois Refuses to Recognize Cause of Action Brought by Fetus Against Its Mother for Unintentional Infliction of Prenatal Injuries. ''Stallman v. Youngquist'', 125 Ill. 2d 267, 531 N. E.2d 355 (1988)|journal=[[Harvard Law Review]]|volume=103|issue=3|pages=823–828|jstor=1341352|doi=10.2307/1341352}} Uncredited case comment.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ressner|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Smith|first2=Ben|date=August 22, 2008|title=Exclusive: Obama's Lost Law Review Article |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/08/exclusive-obamas-lost-law-review-article-012705|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208150320/https://www.politico.com/story/2008/08/exclusive-obamas-lost-law-review-article-012705|archive-date=February 8, 2021|access-date=February 20, 2021|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref>
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2005|title=Bound to the Word|url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/bound-to-the-word/|journal=[[American Libraries]]|volume=36|issue=7|pages=48–52|jstor=25649652}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Obama|first1=Barack|author-mask=7|date=May 25, 2006|title=Making Patient Safety the Centerpiece of Medical Liability Reform|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=354|issue=21|pages=2205–2208|doi=10.1056/NEJMp068100|last2=Clinton|first2=Hillary|pmid=16723612|author-link2=Hillary Clinton}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2007|title=Renewing American Leadership|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-07-01/renewing-american-leadership|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=86|pages=2–16|jstor=20032411|issue=4}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2008|title=A More Perfect Union|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431|journal=[[The Black Scholar]]|volume=38|pages=17–23|doi=10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431|jstor=41069296|issue=1|s2cid=219318643}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2009|title=What Science Can Do|url=https://issues.org/obama/|journal=[[Issues in Science and Technology]]|volume=25|pages=23–30|jstor=43314908|issue=4}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2009|title=A New Beginning|journal=Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften (ZSE)|volume=7|pages=173–186|jstor=26165626|issue=2|doi=10.5771/1610-7780-2009-2-173}}
* {{Cite magazine|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=January 8, 2016|title=Our Shared Responsibility|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/opinion/president-barack-obama-guns-are-our-shared-responsibility.html|magazine=[[The New York Times]]|page=23 (Section A)}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=August 2, 2016|title=United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|volume=130|issue=5|pages=811–866|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9797 |doi-access=free |pmid=27400401|pmc=5069435}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=January 5, 2017|title=The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform|url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/811-866-Online-Rev-vf.pdf|journal=[[Harvard Law Review]]|volume=130|issue=3|pages=811–866|jstor=44865604}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=January 13, 2017|title=The Irreversible Momentum of Clean Energy|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=355|issue=6321|pages=126–129|doi=10.1126/science.aam6284|pmid=28069665|bibcode=2017Sci...355..126O|s2cid=30991274|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=May 2017|title=Repealing the ACA Without a Replacement—the Risks to American Health Care|journal=[[Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey]]|volume=72|issue=5|pages=263–264|doi=10.1097/OGX.0000000000000447|s2cid=80088566|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1493&context=publichealthresources}}
{{refend}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|United States|Chicago|Illinois|Hawaii|Politics|Law}}
===Politics===
* [[DREAM Act]]
* [[Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009]]
* [[Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986]]
* [[IRS targeting controversy]]
* [[Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012]]
* [[National Broadband Plan (United States)]]
* [[Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy]]
* [[Social policy of the Barack Obama administration]]
* [[SPEECH Act]]
* [[Stay with It]]
* [[White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy]]
===Other===
* [[Roberts Court]]
* [[Speeches of Barack Obama]]
===Lists===
* [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]]
* [[List of African-American United States senators]]
* [[List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements]]
* [[List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements]]
* [[Political scandals during the Obama administration|List of federal political scandals, 2009–17]]
* [[List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama]]
* [[List of things named after Barack Obama]]
==References==
<references>
<ref name="birth-certificate">{{cite web |date = April 27, 2011 |title = Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |access-date = March 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |via = [[NARA|National Archives]] |work = [[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date = March 3, 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="Christian">{{cite web |year=2009 |title=American President: Barack Obama |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |access-date=January 23, 2009 |quote=Religion: Christian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=The Truth about Barack's Faith |publisher=Obama for America |url=http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf |access-date=July 1, 2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf }}
* {{cite news |last=Miller |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Finding his faith |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |access-date=February 4, 2010 |quote=He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |archive-date=February 6, 2010 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Barakat |first=Matthew |agency=Associated Press |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757 |access-date=January 20, 2009 |quote=The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church. }}
* {{cite web |date=January 20, 2009 |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President |publisher=United Church of Christ |url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |access-date=January 21, 2009 |quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |archive-date=January 25, 2009 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Amy |date=June 29, 2009 |title=The Obama's find a church home—away from home |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |access-date=February 5, 2010 |quote=instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David. |archive-date=April 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404153523/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Kornblut |first=Anne E. |date=February 4, 2010 |title=Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A6 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html |access-date=February 5, 2010 |quote=Obama prays privately{{nbs}}... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there. }}</ref>
<ref name="Occidental">{{cite news|last=Gordon |first=Larry |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=B1 |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |archive-date=May 24, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|last=Possley |first=Maurice |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Activism blossomed in college |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=20 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story |archive-date=October 9, 2010 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|last=Kovaleski |first=Serge F. |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211095352/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archive-date=February 11, 2008 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|last=Rohter |first=Larry |date=April 10, 2008 |title=Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411041927/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html |archive-date=April 11, 2008 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|author= Goldman, Adam |first2=Robert |last2=Tanner |agency=Associated Press |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|last=Helman |first=Scott |date=August 25, 2008 |title=Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive) |newspaper=The Boston Globe |page=1A |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|last=Jackson |first=Brooks |date=June 5, 2009 |title=More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip |publisher=FactCheck.org |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite book |last = Remnick |first = David |year = 2010 |title = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama |place = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |pages = [https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/98 98–112] |isbn = 978-1-4000-4360-6 |title-link = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama }}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
* Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.</ref>
<ref name="Juris Doctor">{{cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/ |title=Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees |date=November 6, 2008 |website=news.harvard.edu |access-date=October 23, 2017}} {{cite news |last = Adams |first = Richard |date = May 9, 2007 |title = Barack Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |place = London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |access-date = October 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |archive-date = October 13, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Fellow">{{cite magazine |last = Merriner |first = James L. |date = June 2008 |title = The friends of O |magazine = Chicago |volume = 57 |issue = 6 |pages = 74–79, 97–99 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1 |access-date = January 30, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last = Zengerle |first = Jason |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama |magazine = The New Republic |volume = 239 |issue = 1 |pages = 7–8 |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&p=1 |access-date = January 30, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last = Kantor |first = Jodi |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html |access-date = January 30, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last = Gray |first = Steven |date = September 10, 2008 |title = Taking professor Obama's class |magazine = Time |url = http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html |access-date = January 30, 2010 |archive-date = May 12, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090512195322/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite news |last = Starr |first = Alexandra |date = September 21, 2008 |title = Case study |magazine = The New York Times Magazine |page = 76 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html |access-date = January 30, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last = Hundley |first = Tom |date = March 22, 2009 |title = Ivory tower of power |magazine = Chicago Tribune Magazine |page = 6 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law |access-date = January 30, 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Forty">{{cite book |editor = White, Jesse |year = 2000 |title = Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed |page = 83 |place = Springfield, IL |publisher = Illinois Secretary of State |url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html |archive-date = April 16, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf |oclc = 43923973 |access-date = June 6, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last = Jarrett |first = Vernon |date = August 11, 1992 |title = 'Project Vote' brings power to the people |work = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 23 |format = paid archive |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date = June 6, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last = Reynolds |first = Gretchen |date = January 1993 |title = Vote of confidence |work = Chicago Magazine |volume = 42 |issue = 1 |pages = 53–54 |issn = 0362-4595 |url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |access-date = June 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514183643/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |archive-date = May 14, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last = Anderson |first = Veronica |date = October 3, 1993 |title = 40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote |newspaper = Crain's Chicago Business |volume = 16 |issue = 39 |page = 43 |issn = 0149-6956 }}</ref>
<ref name="DavisMiner">{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=Mike |agency=Associated Press |date=February 20, 2007 |title=Obama got start in civil rights practice |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice |access-date=June 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Pallasch |first=Abdon M. |date=December 17, 2007 |title=As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |page=4 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite news |last=Morain |first=Dan |date=April 6, 2008 |title=Obama's law days effective but brief |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A14 |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6 |access-date=February 14, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |date=June 27, 1993 |title=Document |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=9 (Business) |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date=June 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190346/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/283584889.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=&author=&pub=&edition=&startpage=&desc= |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite news |date=July 5, 1993 |title=Business appointments |newspaper=Chicago-Sun-Times |page=40 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite news |last=Ripley |first=Amanda |date=November 3, 2004 |title=Obama's ascent |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html |access-date=February 13, 2010 |archive-date=August 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811203732/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |year=2008 |title=About us |url=http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |publisher=Miner, Barnhill & Galland—Chicago, Illinois |access-date=June 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182856/http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |archive-date=July 20, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Reardon |first=Patrick T. |date=June 25, 2008 |title=Obama's Chicago |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Tempo) |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory |access-date=February 13, 2010 }}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.
* Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.</ref>
<ref name="Democratic primary">{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |title=Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results—Illinois |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |access-date=April 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328011936/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |archive-date=March 28, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |title=Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid |last=Gonyea |first=Dan |date=September 19, 2007 |publisher=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218211819/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |archive-date=February 18, 2011 }}
* {{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama |date=September 9, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321122541/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|first=Edward |last=McClelland |title=How Obama Learned to Be a Natural |date=February 12, 2007 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |work=Salon |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308133402/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |archive-date=March 8, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|first1=Richard |last1=Wolffe |last2=Briscoe |first2=Daren |title=Across the Divide |date=July 16, 2007 |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |archive-date=April 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb |date=October 12, 2007 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=April 20, 2008 }}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm |title=Obama learned from failed Congress run |work=USA Today |last=Wills |first=Christopher |date=October 24, 2007 |access-date=November 15, 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rose Garden">{{cite web |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = October 2, 2002 |title = President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html |via = [[NARA|National Archives]] |work = [[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date = February 18, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last = Tackett |first = Michael |date = October 3, 2002 |title = Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date = February 3, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="Federal Plaza">{{cite news |last = Glauber |first = Bill |date = October 3, 2003 |title = War protesters gentler, but passion still burns |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date = February 3, 2008 |archive-date = June 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150444/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status = dead }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite news |last = Strausberg |first = Chinta |date = October 3, 2002 |title = War with Iraq undermines U.N |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html |quote = Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday. |access-date = October 28, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091014211715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html |archive-date = October 14, 2009 |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web |last = Katz |first = Marilyn |date = October 2, 2007 |title = Five years since our first action |publisher = Chicagoans Against War & Injustice |url = http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |access-date = February 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |archive-date = July 21, 2011 }}
* {{cite news |last1 = Bryant |first1 = Greg |last2 = Vaughn |first2 = Jane B. |date = October 3, 2002 |title = 300 attend rally against Iraq war |newspaper = Daily Herald |page = 8 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.</ref>
<ref name="spoke out">{{cite web |last = Obama |first = Barack |date = October 2, 2002 |title = Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq |url = http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archive-date = January 30, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama |access-date = February 3, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last = McCormick |first = John |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in an effort to distinguish him from his rivals |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 7 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |quote = The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion. |access-date = October 28, 2008 |archive-date = December 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218011609/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status = dead }}{{Subscription required}}
* {{cite news |last = Pallasch |first = Abdon M. |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 26 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="stop the war">{{cite news |last = Ritter |first = Jim |date = March 17, 2003 |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 3 |title = Anti-war rally here draws thousands |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date = February 3, 2008 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite press release |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = March 16, 2003 |title = President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html |via = [[NARA|National Archives]] |work = [[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date = February 18, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="future">{{cite news |last = Mendell |first = David |date = March 17, 2004 |title = Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites |access-date = March 1, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Davey |first = Monica |date = March 18, 2004 |title = As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506195833/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html |archive-date=May 6, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date = March 1, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Howlett |first = Debbie |date = March 19, 2004 |title = Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate |newspaper = USA Today |page = A04 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm |access-date = March 1, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Scheiber |first = Noam |date = May 31, 2004 |title = Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign |magazine = The New Republic |volume = 230 |issue = 20 |pages = 21–22, 24–26 (cover story) |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0 |access-date = March 24, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Finnegan |first = William |date = May 31, 2004 |title = The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go? |magazine = The New Yorker |volume = 20 |issue = 14 |pages = 32–38 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all |access-date = March 24, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Dionne |first = E.J. Jr. |date = June 25, 2004 |title = In Illinois, a star prepares |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A29 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html |access-date = March 24, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Scott |first = Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html |access-date = January 9, 2010 }}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.</ref>
<ref name="status">{{cite news |date=August 2, 2004 |title=Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights |work=Newsweek |pages=48–51 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |access-date=November 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218014146/http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Terence |date=August 2, 2004 |title=A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats |work=U.S. News & World Report |page=25 |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |access-date=November 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100640/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |date=September 2004 |title=Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry? |work=The Atlantic Monthly |pages=30, 33 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza |access-date=November 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Davey |first=Monica |date=July 26, 2004 |title=A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507095649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=November 25, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last=Leibovich |first=Mark |date=July 27, 2004 |title=The other man of the hour |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=C1 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html |access-date=November 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Milligan |first=Susan |date=July 27, 2004 |title=In Obama, Democrats see their future |work=The Boston Globe |page=B8 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |access-date=November 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181835/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archive-date=June 24, 2006}}
* {{cite news |last=Broder |first=David S. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A1 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html |access-date=November 15, 2008}}
* {{cite news |last1=Bing |first1=Jonathan |last2=McClintock |first2=Pamela |date=July 29, 2004 |title=Auds resist charms of Dem stars |work=Variety |page=1 |url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html |access-date=November 15, 2008}}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.</ref>
<ref name="margin">{{cite news |year = 2005 |title = America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois |publisher = CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |access-date = April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |archive-date = April 16, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last = Slevin |first = Peter |date = November 13, 2007 |title = For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html |access-date = April 13, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last1 = Chase |first1 = John |last2 = Mendell |first2 = David |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama scores a record landslide |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url=http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |access-date = April 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513095857/http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |archive-date = May 13, 2011 }}
* {{cite news |last = Fornek |first = Scott |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 6 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html |access-date = April 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510061848/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html |archive-date = May 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{cite news |first = Tom |last = Curry |title = What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal |date = February 21, 2008 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/23276453 |work = NBC News |access-date = June 25, 2008 }}
* {{cite news|url=http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/ |title=Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007 |work=National Journal |date=January 31, 2008 |access-date=June 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627040734/http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/ |archive-date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
<ref name="transition period">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116 |title = Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois |access-date = March 10, 2009 |date = November 16, 2008 |work = [[Reuters]] |last = Mason |first = Jeff }}</ref>
* {{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html |title=Obama to Resign Senate Seat on Sunday |access-date=November 22, 2008 |date=November 13, 2008 |magazine=Time |last=Sidoti |first=Liz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122143031/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0%2C8599%2C1859020%2C00.html |archive-date=November 22, 2008 |url-status=dead}}
<ref name="nuclear terrorism">{{cite press release |title = Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved |date = December 20, 2007 |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kenyan">{{cite news |first=Christina |last=Larson |title=Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |work=Washington Monthly |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |first=Chuck |last=Goudie |title=Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor |date=January 12, 2006 |url=http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=3806933 |publisher=[[WLS-TV]] |location=Chicago |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103231711/http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=3806933 |archive-date=November 3, 2014 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |title=Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008 |publisher=News24 |location=Cape Town |access-date=April 27, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |first=Chris |last=Wamalwa |title=Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark |date=September 2, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archive-date=October 10, 2007 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |access-date=April 27, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |first1=Vincent |last1=Moracha |first2=Mangoa |last2=Mosota |title=Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims |date=September 4, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archive-date=October 7, 2007 |work=The Standard |location=Nairobi }}</ref>
<ref name="allocation">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html |title=The Five Mistakes Clinton Made |author=Tumulty, Karen |author-link=Karen Tumulty |magazine=Time |date=May 8, 2008 |access-date=November 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |title=The Long Road to a Clinton Exit |first1=Peter |last1=Baker |first2=Jim |last2=Rutenberg |work=The New York Times |date=June 8, 2008 |access-date=November 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |archive-date=December 9, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="acceptance">{{cite news |title = Obama accepts Democrat nomination |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |publisher= BBC News |date = August 29, 2008 |access-date = August 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |archive-date = August 28, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |title = Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics |work = The Christian Science Monitor |author = Marks, Alexandra |date = August 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314121702/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |archive-date = March 14, 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="small donations">{{cite news|first=Jim |last=Malone |title=Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination |date=July 2, 2007 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archive-date=September 14, 2007 |publisher=Voice of America }}
* {{cite news|first=Jeanne |last=Cummings |title=Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook |date=September 26, 2007 |url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |work=Politico |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201140941/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |archive-date=February 1, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news|first=Emily |last=Cadei |title=Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising |date=February 21, 2008 |url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |publisher=CQ Politics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613213513/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |archive-date=June 13, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="presidential debates">{{cite press release |url=http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archive-date = July 6, 2008 |title = Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election |publisher = [[Commission on Presidential Debates]] |date = November 19, 2007 }}
* {{cite news |access-date = July 6, 2008 |url=http://www.courant.com/topic/ |title = Gun Ruling Reverberates |work = [[Hartford Courant]] |date = June 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705225819/http://www.courant.com/topic/ |archive-date = July 5, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="electoral votes">{{cite news |work = NBC News |access-date = February 20, 2009 |date = November 4, 2008 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/27531033 |title = Barack Obama elected 44th president |author = Johnson, Alex }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |title = CNN Electoral Map Calculator—Election Center 2008 |publisher = CNN |year = 2008 |access-date = December 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212014309/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |archive-date = December 12, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="direct assistance">{{cite news |url=http://stimulus.org/ |title = Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch |access-date = April 9, 2011 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |title = Obama's remarks on signing the stimulus plan |access-date = February 17, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220074825/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |archive-date = February 20, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="markets opened">{{cite news |title = U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets |date = March 23, 2009 |work = The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325043723/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |first1 = Edmund L. |last1 = Andrews |first2 = Eric |last2 = Dash |access-date = April 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |title = Wall Street soars 7% on bank plan debut |date = March 23, 2009 |work = Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE52H2FA20090323 }}</ref>
<ref name="preceding administration">{{cite news|title=Biden vows break with Bush era foreign policy |url=http://www.canada.com/news/unveils+changes+foreign+policy/1265065/story.html |access-date=January 31, 2013 |first1=Ross |last1=Colvin |first2=Noah |last2=Barkin |publisher=Canada.com |location=Toronto |date=February 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106164443/http://www.canada.com/news/unveils%2Bchanges%2Bforeign%2Bpolicy/1265065/story.html |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news|first=Kim |last=Ghattas |title=Clinton's gaffes and gains on tour |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7931699.stm |access-date=June 15, 2009 |work=BBC News |date=March 8, 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="middleeast">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/04/egypt.obama.speech |title = Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world |date = June 4, 2009 |publisher = CNN |access-date = January 30, 2011 }}</ref>
* {{cite news |first1 = Jeff |last1 = Zeleny |first2 = Alan |last2 = Cowell |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html |title = Addressing Muslims, Obama Pushes Mideast Peace |work = The New York Times |date = June 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331161401/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html|archive-date=March 31, 2011 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/The-President-in-the-Middle-East/ |title = The President in the Middle East |date = June 3, 2009 |first = Jesse |last = Lee |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date = June 4, 2009 }}
<ref name="counterinsurgency tactics">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/11/AR2009051101864.html |title = Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired |date = May 12, 2009 |newspaper = The Washington Post }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/new-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-afghanistan/ |title = New U.S. Commander Brings Counterinsurgency Experience to Afghanistan |date = May 13, 2009 |publisher = Fox News |access-date = May 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216024227/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/new-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-afghanistan/ |archive-date = February 16, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="exceptional orator">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |title = Obama: Oratory and originality |last = Holmes |first = Stephanie |date = November 30, 2008 |access-date = December 11, 2008 |work = The Age |location = Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154747/http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |archive-date = December 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |title = How to Inspire People Like Obama Does |last = Gallo |first = Carmine |date = March 3, 2008 |access-date = February 21, 2009 |work = Bloomberg BusinessWeek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226003326/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |archive-date = February 26, 2009 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |title = New emotion dubbed 'elevation' |date = December 11, 2008 |work = Toronto Star |access-date = December 11, 2008 |first = Diana |last = Zlomislic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212193736/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |archive-date = December 12, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title = Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html |date = January 25, 2011 |first = Richard |last = Greene |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |access-date = July 2, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="in Jakarta">{{cite web |title = Obama's Indonesian Redux |url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |author = Zimmer, Benjamin |year = 2009 |access-date = March 12, 2009 |publisher = Language Log |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |archive-date = March 3, 2009 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |title = Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan |work = [[Kompas]] |date = November 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |archive-date = December 3, 2008 |language = id }}</ref>
<ref name="corruption charges">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html |title = Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = December 17, 2006 |access-date = June 10, 2008 |last = Slevin |first = Peter }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/24973282 |title = Rezko found guilty in corruption case |access-date = June 24, 2008 |date = June 4, 2008 |agency = Associated Press |work = NBC News |last = Robinson |first = Mike }}</ref>
<ref name="social change">Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: {{cite news|first=Barack |last=Obama |title=My Spiritual Journey |date=October 16, 2006 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |title='Call to Renewal' Keynote Address |access-date=June 16, 2008 |last=Obama |first=Barack |date=June 28, 2006 |publisher=Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |archive-date=January 4, 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Trinity">{{cite news |last1 = Garrett |first1 = Major |last2 = Obama |first2 = Barack |date = March 14, 2008 |title = Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes' |publisher = RealClearPolitics |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html |access-date = November 10, 2012 |quote = Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs{{nbs}}... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then. }}
* {{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = April 29, 2008 |title = Obama strongly denounces former pastor |work = NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/24371827 |access-date = November 10, 2012 |quote = I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago. }}
* {{cite news |last = Miller |first = Lisa |date = July 11, 2008 |title = Finding his faith |work = Newsweek |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |access-date = November 10, 2012 |quote = He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |archive-date = July 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last = Remnick |first = David |year = 2010 |title = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama |location = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |page = [https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/177 177] |isbn = 978-1-4000-4360-6 |quote = In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School. |title-link = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama }}
* Maraniss (2012), <span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887 p. 557]</span>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987{{nbs}}... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah."
* {{Cite book |first=Baker |last=Peter |author-link=Peter Baker (author) |year=2017 |title=Obama: The Call of History |location=New York |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]/Callaway |isbn=978-0-935112-90-0 |oclc=1002264033}}</ref>
</references>
===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last = Jacobs |first = Sally H. |year = 2011 |title = The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father |location = New York |publisher = [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn = 978-1-58648-793-5 |title-link = The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father }}
* {{cite book |author = Maraniss, David |year = 2012 |title = Barack Obama: The Story |location = New York |publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn = 978-1-4391-6040-4 |title-link = Barack Obama: The Story |author-link = David Maraniss }}
* {{cite book |author = Mendell, David |year = 2007 |title = Obama: From Promise to Power |location = New York |publisher = Amistad/[[HarperCollins]] |isbn = 978-0-06-085820-9 |title-link = Obama: From Promise to Power |author-link = David Mendell }}
* {{cite book |last = Obama |first = Barack |orig-date = 1st pub. 1995 |year = 2004 |title = Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance |location = New York |publisher = [[Three Rivers Press]] |isbn = 978-1-4000-8277-3 |title-link = Dreams from My Father }}
* {{cite book |last = Obama |first = Barack |year = 2006 |title = The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream |location = New York |publisher = [[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn = 978-0-307-23769-9 |title-link = The Audacity of Hope }}
* {{cite book |last = Scott |first = Janny |year = 2011 |title = A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother |location = New York |publisher = [[Riverhead Books]] |isbn = 978-1-59448-797-2 |title-link = A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother }}
{{Refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite news |last = De Zutter |first = Hank |date = December 8, 1995 |title = What Makes Obama Run? |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221 |newspaper = Chicago Reader |access-date = April 25, 2015 }}
* {{cite magazine|last=Graff |first=Garrett M. |date=November 1, 2006 |title=The Legend of Barack Obama |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html |magazine=Washingtonian |access-date=January 14, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html |archive-date=February 14, 2008 }}
* Kenny, Mary. "Obama shaped more by his WASP heritage than the passion of Martin Luther King," [https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/obama-shaped-more-by-his-wasp-heritage-than-the-passion-of-martin-luther-king-30568999.html ''Independent.ie'' (September 7, 2014)]
* {{cite book |last = Koltun |first = Dave |editor-last1 = Ahuja |editor-first1 = Sunil |editor-last2 = Dewhirst |editor-first2 = Robert |year = 2005 |title = The Road to Congress 2004 |chapter = The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star" |location = Hauppauge, New York |publisher = Nova Science Publishers |isbn = 978-1-59454-360-9 }}
* {{cite magazine |last = Lizza |first = Ryan |date = September 2007 |title = Above the Fray |url=https://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president |magazine = GQ |access-date = October 27, 2010 }}
* {{cite magazine |first = Larissa |last = MacFarquhar |date = May 7, 2007 |title = The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar |magazine = The New Yorker |access-date = January 14, 2008 |author-link = Larissa MacFarquhar }}
* {{cite book |last = McClelland |first = Edward |year = 2010 |title = Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President |location = New York |publisher = Bloomsbury Press |isbn = 978-1-60819-060-7 |url-access = registration |url=https://archive.org/details/youngmrobamachic0000mccl }}
* Parmar, Inderjeet and Mark Ledwidge. "...'a foundation-hatched black': Obama, the US establishment, and foreign policy." ''International Politics'' 54.3 (2017): 373-388 [https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/12563/1/ online]
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=52010985}}
<!--
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===Official===
* {{Official website|https://www.obama.org/}} of The Obama Foundation
* {{Official website|https://www.obamalibrary.gov/}} of the Barack Obama Presidential Library
* {{Official website|https://www.ofa.us/}} of [[Organizing for Action]]
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/barack-obama/ White House biography]
<!--
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===Other===
* [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama Column archive] at ''[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]]''
* {{Curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama}}
* {{CongBio|O000167}}
* {{C-SPAN|55625}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1682433}}
* {{NYT topic|people/o/barack_obama}}
* {{ChicagoTribuneKeyword}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Obama,+Barack | name=Barack Obama}}
* {{Internet Archive author | name=Barack Obama}}
* {{Librivox author |id=11252}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [https://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/ Barack Obama] at [[Politifact]]
* {{Twitter|BarackObama}}
{{Barack Obama}}
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